自行洗钱行为的刑法规制

我国<刑法>将自行洗钱行为排除在洗钱罪之外,其原因在于受事后不可罚行为理论的影响.从打击洗钱犯罪现实需要出发,我国应将上游犯罪的主体纳入洗钱罪的主体范围,对自行洗钱行为进行规制.     

洗钱罪认定与上游犯罪领域拓展研究

洗钱犯罪是为上游犯罪所获取的非法收入进行清洗、处置的犯罪,洗钱犯罪人员是上游犯罪资金清洗的协助者.如何完善法律、法规,从根本上打击洗钱犯罪,一直是各界关注的焦点.2020年12月26日,全国人大会议通过的《刑法修正案(十一)》在一定程度上降低了洗钱罪的判定难度,但仍无法解决对上游七类犯罪以外洗钱犯罪行为的定罪问题,监管层及金融行业在洗钱犯罪方面仍存在着较大压力.本文结合近年来我国洗钱犯罪、判定及上游犯罪等情况,讨论了现有洗钱犯罪定罪中存在的问题.重点探讨了现行洗钱罪上游犯罪认定是否狭隘,《刑法修正案(十一)》对自洗钱行为的判定是否有变化,洗钱罪删除"明知"概念后对洗钱定罪的影响,以及监管机构的职责与权利义务是否相匹配等问题,在此基础上提出了扩容洗钱罪上游犯罪、充实洗钱罪定罪类型、加强监管职权等政策建议.     

我国反洗钱的现状及对策

对于洗钱犯罪,1990年我国<全国人民代表大会关于禁毒的决定>做了规定,虽没有出现"洗钱"的字眼,但一般认为它可以指洗钱行为.1997年刑法在191条专门规定了洗钱罪的罪状和法定刑,将洗钱罪的犯罪对象限定在毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、走私犯罪的违法所得及其产生的收益.     

新形势下推动洗钱罪入罪问题研究——以洗钱罪上游犯罪扩容为视角

随着经济全球化和互联网金融的快速发展,洗钱风险日益加剧,洗钱犯罪与各类上游犯罪相互交织渗透,严重危害国家金融管理秩序,危及国家经济安全与稳定。近年来,我国惩治洗钱违法犯罪力度不断加大,但司法实践中洗钱罪判决案例数量较少,上游犯罪范围过窄导致洗钱罪入罪存在现实困境。本文对国内外洗钱罪法律规定进行详尽梳理,深入剖析洗钱罪上游犯罪扩容的现实背景,借鉴国外先进立法经验及国内学界主流观点,结合我国立法惯例及反洗钱工作实践,对洗钱罪上游犯罪扩容问题提出立法建议,以有效推动我国洗钱罪入罪,坚决遏制洗钱犯罪蔓延态势。     

当前洗钱入罪的障碍及对策建议

我国洗钱罪的低查处率和洗钱罪的多发性并存,表明相关部门对洗钱犯罪打击力度不够。本文分析了洗钱行为的强隐蔽性、上游犯罪范围的局限性、洗钱罪的寄生性等导致洗钱行为难入罪的特点,提出完善法律法规、打通洗钱入罪障碍,健全合法机制、疏通洗钱入罪渠道,加强宣传引导、增强洗钱入罪意识的建议。     

洗钱犯罪若干法律问题的探讨

本文根据国际社会和我国对洗钱犯罪的相关立法规定,借鉴我国刑法学界对洗钱犯罪已有的研究成果,具体分析了洗钱罪的上游犯罪的范围、洗钱罪中“明知”含义的界定以及洗钱罪主体能否包括原生罪本犯等问题．并针对我国现有反洗钱罪规定的不足,提出相应的完善措施。     

从法的宏观运行角度看反洗钱存在的问题及建议

存在的问题 　　立法上存在的问题,洗钱罪定义不科学.一是洗钱罪的上游犯罪范围过小,仅仅包括毒品犯罪、黑社会性质犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、走私犯罪、贪污贿赂罪、金融诈骗罪、破坏金融管理秩序罪等七类犯罪.二是洗钱罪的主观构成要件要求过于严格,如果司法机关不能证明行为人主观上"明知"是七类上游犯罪的违法所得和收益,那么由于欠缺洗钱罪主观方面的要件,即对特定犯罪对象的明知,亦不能以洗钱罪定罪.三是洗钱罪的犯罪主体范围过小,仅仅协助进行洗钱的行为人构成洗钱罪,而自行洗钱行为在我国不构成洗钱罪.……     

反洗钱职能发挥与支持社会反腐败

一、反洗钱服务社会反腐败的障碍因素分析 (一)洗钱罪上游犯罪范围需进一步扩大 从国际通行惯例来看.我国目前洗钱上游犯罪界定范围仍显过窄.在国际上"洗钱上游犯罪范围最大化"已成为反洗钱立法的基本原则和共识, <国际反腐败公约>等国际法规均要求各国尽可能将所有犯罪列为洗钱罪的上游犯罪.     

自洗钱行为立法的争议、理论与实践依据

《国务院办公厅关于完善反洗钱、反恐怖融资、反逃税监管体制机制的意见》（国办函［2017］84号）中提出修改惩治洗钱犯罪相关规定,将上游犯罪本犯纳入洗钱罪主体范围,但是否要对自洗钱进行立法一直是我国法律学术界的一个争议焦点。本文在整体视角下提出自洗钱行为的认识框架,对自洗钱行为的危害进行分析,构造了自洗钱和协助洗钱刑事立法的统一理论基础。本文基于这一理论基础,对我国现行洗钱罪相关规定进行全面审视和系统分析,提出自洗钱立法建议。     

中国在全球工业机器人贸易网络中的拓扑特征与地位变迁

《国务院办公厅关于完善反洗钱、反恐怖融资、反逃税监管体制机制的意见》（国办函［2017］84号）中提出修改惩治洗钱犯罪相关规定,将上游犯罪本犯纳入洗钱罪主体范围,但是否要对自洗钱进行立法一直是我国法律学术界的一个争议焦点。本文在整体视角下提出自洗钱行为的认识框架,对自洗钱行为的危害进行分析,构造了自洗钱和协助洗钱刑事立法的统一理论基础。本文基于这一理论基础,对我国现行洗钱罪相关规定进行全面审视和系统分析,提出自洗钱立法建议。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.