我国中报自愿审计动机探究

关于上市公司自愿聘请外部审计师进行中报审计的理论假说,目前主要有代理假说、信号假说和保险假说.本文结合我国的中报审计制度背景,对三种理论假说进行探讨,分析了上市公司自愿购买中报审计的动机与审计需求的信号假说更为相符.同时提出真正影响审计服务质量的因素并不是自愿或者强制,事实上是上市公司对审计服务质量的需求影响了审计服务质量的供给.     

独立审计现行审计委托模式弊端分析

造成独立审计失败除审计信息不对称、对独立审计监管力度不够、注册会计师职业道德有待提高等因素之外,现行审计委托模式的弊端也不容忽视。为了维护注册会计师在审计关系中的独立性并解决独立审计意见的“正外部性”特征与独立审计市场化运做的矛盾,有必要引进独立“第四方”作为审计委托人。对“第四方”的不同选择各有利弊。长远来看,以保险公司作为“第四方”的财务报表保险制度应成为我国市场经济体制下独立审计委托模式的最佳选择。     

审计意见购买:理论分析与治理路径

审计意见购买的治理是审计监管的重要议题。本文以代理理论、契约理论、信号理论以及管制理论对审计意见购买的产生机理及动机进行了深刻分析,指出委托代理关系变异、契约的不完全性、信号传递失灵及管制失败是影响审计意见购买行为发生的重要因素。审计意见购买行为的治理需要从需求、供给及监管等三方分别采取合适的措施与策略。其中,引导自愿性审计需求,发挥审计市场的信号机制和声誉机制作用,是治理的根本出路。     

审计技术变迁下审计意见购买:特征与监管

审计意见购买是资本市场秩序的重要影响因素,从博弈分析得出审计技术在变迁初期并不会抑制审计意见购买,对我国上市公司的实证检验支持这一结论。由于新的审计技术学习成本和协调成本的递减效应,在其他条件不变的情况下,变迁中后期行业整体的高水平审计技术将对意见购买行为有所抑制。因此,独立审计监管效率与效果的提升应引入"权变"的监管模式,在审计技术变迁的初期可由政府主导,在中后期可改由行业协会主导。加大审计技术的开发投入有利于缩小审计职业判断的空间,减少合谋的机会主义行为。     

审计独立性水平:模型与分析

审计独立性水平的高低取决于政府与股东的监管力度,并与虚报业绩的收益水平,合谋者的贴现因子有关。在政府与股东双层监管下的审计独立性水平高于政府(或股东)的单层监管下,控股股东、经营者和审计师三者合谋时的审计独立性水平低于经营者和审计师二者合谋时,而且控股股东参与合谋的条件是其所决定的合谋收益分成比例不小于其在公司现金流权的两倍。要提高审计独立性水平,必须同时强化政府和股东双方面的监管力度,并对发现的舞弊行为进行及时处罚。     

自愿审计、公允价值对盈余管理的影响——基于2006-2007年上市公司中期报告的经验证据

文章以2006年和2007年"中报"153个自愿审计和1910个未审计的观测值组成非配对样本,采用Heckman二阶段回归纠正自选择偏差方法,研究自愿审计与上市公司盈余管理的关系,以及新会计准则中采用公允价值后是否影响了二者的关系.研究发现:自选择问题确实对上市公司的盈余管理有显著影响;在考虑了自选择因素之后,自愿审计本身并没有降低上市公司的盈余管理程度;公允价值对选择自愿审计、未选择审计公司的盈余管理均未产生影响.     

独立审计市场的失灵与监管问题

一系列财务丑闻暴露出独立审计市场失灵的问题。文章分析了独立审计市场失灵的表现和原因,提出独立审计市场的监管模式和完善监管环境的措施。     

审计服务“做大做强”异质选择:机理、路径与对策研究

"做大做强"战略促进了我国审计服务国际化进程,但规模与审计质量发展不协调,核心能力培养机制系统不健全,异质服务"路径"不明。应当促进审计服务差异化与协调性的统一;关注核心能力的形成机理;完善市场、健全法制、公开信息和引导取向方面的建设。进一步完善审计市场供给与需求的差别化建设;改革监管模式、监管手段和信息共享机制;推动信息平台建设和异质性环境建设。     

独立审计供给与需求的博弈分析

在独立审计市场中,供给和需求双方是市场中的主体,二者如何运动直接关系到独立审计质量的高低以及整个审计市场的良好运作.本文运用经济学中的博弈论对供给方和需求方的矛盾运动进行系统分析,并得出的分析模型运用到我国目前的独立审计市场的供求双方中,从而提出改善目前我国审计供求现状的建议.     

独立审计供给与需求的博弈分析

在独立审计市场中，供给和需求双方是市场中的主体，二者如何运动直接关系到独立审计质量的高低以及整个审计市场的良好运作。本文运用经济学中的博弈论对供给方和需求方的矛盾运动进行系统分析，并得出的分析模型运用到我国目前的独立审计市场的供求双方中，从而提出改善目前我国审计供求现状的建议。     

Overlooked alternatives in managerial investment decisions: a reply

Some empirical evidence on the question of product differentiation in the market for audits is presented. Using agency cost and signalling frameworks we posit that there will be a demand for varying levels of audit quality. Because audit quality is not directly observable to investors we postulate that quality will be proxied by the auditor's brand name reputation. Big Eight auditors are categorized as being high quality producers. Using data on companies newly listing on the New Zealand Stock Exchange we test the derived models of auditor choice. Auditor choice is a dummy variable (0,1) partitioned on the basis of non Big Eight and Big Eight accounting firms. The results provide support for the idea of product differentiation in the market for audits.     

我国上市公司独立审计需求问题及对策研究

为进一步引导上市公司增加高质量审计需求,阐述了我国上市公司独立审计需求研究现状,对股权分置改革前后我国上市公司独立审计需求进行了系统研究。     

我国自愿性审计需求市场缺失的原因及治理

本文通过对我国自愿性审计需求市场缺失的具体原因分析,提出在目前情况下,培育自愿性需求市场的关键环节,完善公司治理结构,展开产权制度改革,完善法律制度等具体措施,以增强高质量独立审计的自愿性市场需求。     

The effectiveness of home energy audits: A case study of Jackson,Wyoming

This study examines the factors that influence households to adopt modifications recommended by home energy audits and whether these audits lead to significant reductions in electricity use. Household decisions after the audits are recorded along with the corresponding recommended modifications and the offers for co-funding. A discrete choice model of the household decision after the audit is estimated. The results indicate that the potential improvement in heating efficiency from the proposed modifications increase the probability of implementing conservation measures. Co-funding offers also significantly raise the odds of accepting the modifications but are relatively less important than anticipated efficiency improvements. Several approaches are used to determine whether and how much energy is saved after the audits. Electricity demand models are estimated using data two years before and after each household audit. For households who decide to modify their houses after the audit, monthly average electricity use per square foot decreases 7%. While there is an estimated 2% reduction in electricity use attributed to the audit by households who decided not to adopt the proposed modifications, this reduction is not statistically significant, casting doubt on the presence of modifications in behavior from the audit information itself. For all households audited, the results from the electricity demand models suggest that the LVE home energy audit program reduced household electricity use 4.7%. In contrast, a differences-in-differences approach using synthetic control groups based upon a smaller but still sizeable sample of 2000 observations finds that home energy audits reduce household electricity use by more than 10%. Overall, these findings suggest that home audits result in modest but significant reductions in energy use and that co-funding encourages investments that otherwise may not be privately optimal.     

独立审计质量的经济学透视

本文从需求和供给两方面分析了独立审计市场中的审计质量均衡状况及其成因,研究发现:一方面,由我国公司治理不完善而引发的对独立审计的代理需求不足,以及特定融资制度下对低质量审计的融资需求强劲,使得我国独立审计的自愿性需求严重匮乏,从而审计师缺乏提高审计质量的内在经济动机;另一方面,现有法规对审计师的激励不足、约束不够,因此目前审计师提供的审计服务质量难于达到社会公众的期望-《独立审计准则》的要求.最后,笔者针对出现的问题提出相应的政策建议.     

基于公民资格演进视角的政府审计研究

基于公民资格理论,国家治理可被视为围绕公民资格而设计的一系列制度安排。因此,作为国家治理的重要工具,政府审计发展与公民资格演进具有天然的联系。公民资格的演进是引发政府审计制度变迁的巨大推动力。随着公民资格发展到不同阶段,政府审计在本质、目标、服务对象、功能、需求动因与实现机制等方面都呈现出鲜明的差异,而从公民资格演进的视角探索政府审计的发展路径将为我国政府审计的未来发展提供帮助。     

基于“管理层需求导向”的内部审计质量控制实践与探索

内部审计质量是内部审计的生命,如何加强内部审计的质量控制是近年来理论界与实务界普遍关注的问题,安徽省电力公司审计工作始终坚持“审计质量是审计永恒的追求”思想,在审计工作中不断探索质量的内在动因,并提出了内部审计质量满足于“管理层需求”的理念,围绕这一理念,近几年以“审计流程标准化建设”、“审计质量外部评估”及“审计信息化建设”等主要工作,充分体现了安徽省电力公司借助“客户满意度”理念提升审计质量的实践工作。     

The impact of patient choice and waiting time on the demand for health care: results from the London Patient Choice project

In a number of countries where health care is publicly funded, policies to introduce greater patient choice are being implemented. In most cases patient choice is seen as an instrument to reduce waiting times for elective (non-emergency) hospital services. An important issue is whether facilitating greater patient choice will increase the demand for health care and thereby undermine the achievement of reduced waiting times. A large scale pilot of choice in the London metropolitan area permits a test of the hypothesis that choice will affect demand. This paper estimates a model of the demand for elective surgery using a panel of 150 English acute hospitals over the period 1995 to 2004 for three surgical specialties. It examines whether demand shifted following the introduction of the London Patient Choice Project in 2002. The results suggest that the choice project only shifted NHS inpatient demand in orthopaedics and that this shift was inwards.     

论审计证据的选择:说服性抑或结论性

本文阐述了说服性审计证据与结论性审计证据的实质,从审计程序的性质、时间和范围入手,分析了说服性审计证据的形成原因。说服性而非结论性的审计证据是注册会计师和财务报表使用者等多方选择的结果,注册会计师只能为财务报表不存在重大错报提供合理保证。充分性和适当性是对审计证据说服性特征的度量。自觉遵守职业道德规范、严格遵循审计准则的规定和切实贯彻质量控制制度是注册会计师获取说服性审计证据的三大措施。     

The shifting boundaries of the mixed economy and the future of the nonprofit sector

The nonprofit sector exists because it can solve better than for-profit firms problems associated with the provision of products with publicness (nonrivalry or nonexcludability) attributes, or those affected by asymmetric information between providers and customers. This advantage is likely to be eroded in the future by various technological advances, particularly in the area of information transmission, analysis, storage and retrieval, and by the increase in the effective size of markets. Consequently, the demand for nonprofit organizations will possibly decline in the future. On the other hand, the operational efficiency of nonprofit organizations is likely to improve due to possibilities of stricter audit of and control over management made possible by enhanced access by nonprofit stakeholders to budgetary and operational information. This will help nonprofit organizations respond better to various failures of for-profit firms and to the insufficiency of government correctives. It is difficult to forecast the net effect of the myriad factors that work in opposite directions on the demand for and supply of nonprofit organizations, although it appears to this author that the economic weight of nonprofit organizations and their distinctive features will wane.