Dynamic behavior of a simple neoclassical model with wealth and capital unequal

The paper analyzes the standard one-good neoclassical dynamic model in which wages to consumer-workers are paid in IOU's issued by producers. The wealth of consumers consists of their accumulated IOU's and the model differs from the traditional one in that it is not assumed that consumers' wealth is exactly equal to the value of the capital stock. The dynamic behavior of this model turns out to be quite different from the traditional one, the main result being that, in the absence of “excessive savings” by consumers, the golden rule will always be the unique stable steady state.     

Tax policy,capital use,and investment incentives

In this paper, we investigate the effect of a corporate income tax on the utilization and maintenance of capital and on the demand for capital stock and services. We find that a tax that allows interest deductions is distortionary unless allowable depreciation depends on the firm's utilization and maintenance decisions. Also, we show that the usual demand equation for capital stock is misspecified if capital utilization is not a technological constant.     

Taxation and the stock market valuation of capital gains and dividends: Theory and emphirical results

Dividends seem to be more heavily taxed than capital gains. Why then do corporations pay dividends rather than repurchasing shares or retaining earnings? Either corporations are not acting in the interests of shareholders, or else shareholders desire dividends sufficiently for nontax reasons to offset the tax effect.In this paper, we measure the relative valuation of dividends and capital gains in the stock market, using a variant of the capital asset pricing model. We find that dividends are not valued differently systematically from capital gains. This finding is consistent with share price maximization by firms but inconsistent with the fact that most shareholderspay a heavier tax on dividends.We also show that the relative value of dividends provides an indirect measure of a marginal Tobin's q. The measured value of dividends relative to capital gains tends to be higher during prosperous periods, as is consistent with this interpretation. We hope that this time series on a marginal Tobin's q will prove to be useful in forecasting the rate of investment.     

The existence of optimal consumption policies in optimal economic growth models with nonconvex technologies

An existence theorem for a class of continuous time infinite horizon optimal growth models is developed. The underlying technology set is not assumed to be convex, instead the “slices” of the technology set corresponding to a fixed capital stock vector are assumed convex and compact in the consumption and net investment variables. This allows consideration of the case of increasing returns to scale. Existence of an optimal capital stock and consumption policy is proved directly without consideration of the underlying Hamiltonian dynamical system that arises from applying Pontryagin's maximum principle.     

Increasing returns to scale and the reverse flexible accelerator

We show that the flexible accelerator principle characterizes optimal investment behavior only when the firm's technology exhibits decreasing returns to scale throughout. When there are increasing returns we show that there is a range in which investment increases as the capital stock increases towards its long-run equilibrium level.     

如何规范股份支付的税务处理

股份支付的研究最早开始于美国,随着我国资本市场的发展,股份支付成为我国企业尤其是上市公司的常见经济业务,因此,对股份支付的核算进行规范十分必要。我国新会计准则第11号对股份支付的会计处理进行了规范,但股份支付的税务处理尚未写入所得税法,成为我国税法的一个盲点。     

Worksharing and factor prices

The aspect of worksharing on which this paper concentrates concerns an increase in the firm's workforce offset by a reduction in average working hours. Emphasis is given to the effect of relative factor prices on worksharing within a model structure which includes the capital stock and worker productivity as endogenous inputs. Factor prices include all the main categories of wage and non-wage labour payments as well as the user cost of capital. Special attention is given to the role of non-wages, both quasi-fixed and variable. An analysis of the effects of marginal employment subsidies on worksharing is also considered with reference to the French ‘solidarity contracts’.     

Which stock exchanges are more attractive? The competition analysis of listing and trading performance

With the globalization of capital markets, stock exchanges around the world have faced their most challenging era since 2005. While the traditional role of the stock exchange should evolve by enforcing competitive advantage, as the heart of modern capital markets, stock exchanges give rise to both capital demand outflows and capital supply inflows, and both of these have to be taken into consideration. What is it that makes some stock markets more attractive than others from the viewpoint of firms as well as from the viewpoint of investors? This paper focuses on the stock exchanges' performance from an international perspective by combining both the listing competition and trading competition aspects using data for the world's 45 largest stock exchanges. The exchange-specific performances that both take and do not take a country's specific financial regulatory regime into consideration are evaluated. In addition, a competition matrix is designed to help the managerial authorities of stock exchanges around the world to position themselves within the industry.     

Entrepreneurs' capital accumulation behavior and long-run equilibrium

The purpose of this paper is to derive some interesting results on long-run equilibrium by considering entrepreneurs' capital accumulation behavior explicitly. Our framework is a two class, two production sector model in order to analyze the dynamic stability properties in the cases of Kaldor's saving assumption and Pasinetti's saving assumption. We shall introduce a further adjustment mechanism: the speeding up (slowing down) of capital accumulation in that sector in which the rate of profit is higher (lower).     

On the theory of the firm under uncertainty and the cost of capital

The interaction between the firm's productive behavior under uncertainty and its cost of capital is shown to affect its optimal output. The source of this interaction is linked to the firm's degree of operating leverage.     

Selective immigration policies, human capital accumulation and migration duration in infinite horizon

An increasing literature fosters selective immigration policies as a tool to increase human capital in both source and destination countries. These policies are supposed to prompt incentives to education, and–if selection is sufficiently severe–to increase the human capital stock in source countries. Nonetheless, when compared to open migration, selective policies make returns to education uncertain, and they may harm incentives to invest in human capital. As a consequence, they may reduce the human capital stock even though selection is “severe”. Moreover, when repeated migration is possible, they backfire on migration duration. We obtain our results in an infinite-horizon model that, unlike the current literature, places no restriction on the number of possible migration spells and allows for the possibility of a forced emigration.     

The cost of equity capital: A simplification

Modigliani-Miller's theorem, which asserts that corporate financing policy is of no consequence, has been shown to hold true under a set of assumptions which is less restrictive than the original set used by MM. Preceding proofs were based on the theory of general equilibrium. Basically, this paper examines MM's second proposition—the linearity of the cost of equity capital with respect to financial leverage—when dropping a few of their basic assumptions but retaining their assumption about incomplete markets. In particular, this paper relaxes the assumptions that (a) the inflows are perpetual and that (b) the firm's future returns belong to the same risk class. The results of the analysis indicate that the linearity will be sustained. The nature of the financial risk premium (the slope), however, has to be modified.     

Appropriability rules,capital maintenance,and the efficiency of cooperative investment

It is generally accepted that investment in cooperative firms is discouraged by limitations on individual appropriability of the capital and its returns, and by obligations to maintain the firm's capital. Both disincentives, operating most acutely in Yugoslavia, result in suboptimal investment behavior. This paper argues, however, that most of the disincentive is due to the capital maintenance obligation rather than to limited appropriability. In the absence of the former and as long as workers' time horizon is not inordinately short, disincentives may not significantly interfere with efficient selection of certain types of investment.     

China’s Capital Stock Series by Region and Sector

The lack of capital stock statistics for empirical research of the Chinese economy has for a long time been one of the major impediments in the profession. Professor Gregory Chow is one of the pioneers who attempted to deal with this matter. His seminal paper on China’s capital formation and economic growth was published in 1993 (Chow, 1993). Since then many authors have estimated their own capital stock data series. However, most authors have focused on investigations at the national level and their findings are not without controversies. In particular, few studies have provided estimates of capital stock for China’s regional economies. This paper adds to the existing literature in several ways. First, it presents a critical review of the methods and findings in the existing literature. Second, it proposes an alternative approach to estimate China’s capital stock series by region as well as across three economic sectors (agriculture, industry and services). Finally, preliminary analyses of the derived capital stock statistics are conducted to examine growth, disparity and convergence in China’s regional economies.     

Measuring Human Capital Like Physical Capital: What Does It Tell Us?

In this paper, I develop a measure of human capital stock that is similar to measuring physical capital by its replacement cost. This measure builds on measures of average educational attainment of the labour force. While it is far from an ideal measure, it is an interesting complement to the educational attainment series and other existing measures of human capital accumulation. In cross–country panel regressions, use of this measure of human capital accumulation yields a positive and significant, but relatively small (about ten per cent) elasticity with percapita GDP growth. Unlike physical capital, the stock of human capital as a share of GDP increases with GDP. This is consistent with the Barro et al . (1995) model of growth with non–mobile human capital and with some predictions of Romer's (1990) model of endogenous growth, but it is not consistent with the predictions of some other growth models.     

资金流量存量核算与金融风险的文献综述——基于虚拟经济的视角

资金流量存量核算与金融风险的关系已受到众多学者关注,但学界对这一问题尚未进行系统性梳理并取得整体认知.本文通过回顾资金流量核算、资金存量核算、间接测算的金融中介服务、存量流量一致性理论模型等分析金融风险的相关文献发现,现有资金流量存量核算中,存在忽视名义变量和交易量、将金融风险计为GDP的增长、对存量流量一致性理论模型...     

Individual preferences and the effect of uncertainty on irreversible investment

This paper considers a relationship between investment behavior and an agent’s preferences in a stochastic one-sector growth model with irreversible investment. Further, it explores the effect of uncertainty in investment policies by using a non-expected utility function. Since uncertainty has an impact on investment policies not only through an option value but also through a risk-adjusted time preference rate in a general equilibrium framework, it is significant to distinguish the two preference parameters of the agent. While the previous partial equilibrium models with irreversible investment have exhibited a negative relationship between the desired capital stock and uncertainty, this paper implies that it is possible to generate a positive relationship for the appropriate parameters. This shows that the results of Hartman and Abel have been robust even in a general equilibrium model.     

我国人力资本投资对经济增长的贡献

本文在对人力资本与经济增长的文献综述的基础上,利用我国统计年鉴中有关经济、教育数据计算我国人力资本存量与物质资本存量,并利用有效劳动模型和人力资本外部性模型,估计我国人力资本对经济增长的贡献,发现在我国经济增长过程中,物质资本存量的作用更为关键,而且人力资本投资对经济增长的外部性作用明显。     

我国省级公共资本经济效应分析——基于面板VAR模型的实证分析

在现有文献研究的基础上,利用1999—2010年我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据,基于内生增长理论构建计量经济模型,检验了公共资本存量、私人资本存量与经济增长之间的面板Granger因果关系。构建面板VAR模型度量公共资本存量对经济的冲击。结果表明:公共资本存量的冲击对人均私人资本存量和人均GDP都产生正向影响,但长期看该影响不具有持续效应。     

The optimal quantity of money: A reconciliation

Despite the apparent disagreement of Samuelson's (1958) overlapping generations model and Townsend's (1980) turnpike model on the optimal quantity of money, in both: (i) those endowed at the start with goods prefer a constant money stock, and (ii) those endowed at the start with fiat money prefer deflation.