The Effect of Interest Rates on the Value of Corporate Assets and the Risk Premia of Corporate Debt

A growing number of papers have applied option pricing techniques to the valuation of risky debt. This paper deals directly with how a firm's relationship to interest rates affects its debt. A sequential binomial model is used to price the zero-coupon bonds of a firm whose value is related to interest rate changes.The results show that the strength of the relationship between firm value and interest rates (interest-rate risk) can have a significant impact on the value of a firm's debt. The model produces its most powerful results when the volatility of firm value is high and the term structure has a steep (negative or positive) slope; there is no impact when the term structure is flat. Our results indicate that empirical studies of yield spreads may have severe shortcomings if the relationship of firm value to interest rate changes is ignored.     

Corporate Restructuring and Bondholder Wealth

This paper provides an overview of existing research on how corporate restructuring affects bondholder wealth. Restructuring is defined as any transaction which affects the firm's riskiness by changing its underlying capital structure. Thus, it reaches well beyond asset restructuring and includes transactions such as leveraged buyouts, security issues and exchanges, and the issuance of stock options. We identify significant gaps in the literature, emphasize the potential differences in bond performance between market‐ and stakeholder‐oriented corporate governance systems, and provide valuable insights into methodological advances. We find that many issues remain as the empirical evidence is often inconclusive and focuses almost exclusively on the US. Research on other countries remains constrained by the lesser development of their bond markets, but is equally imperative because the position and bargaining power of creditors vis‐à‐vis the firm differ substantially across countries and governance regimes.     

Intangible Assets and Corporate Signaling

Research and development (R&D) and advertising expenditures often result in patents, technologies and brand names which are difficult to accurately value. Under current generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) these intangible assets are generally not recognized in the financial statements, but instead are expensed in the period that they occur. Prior studies note that the market-to-book ratios of firms with significant levels of R&D and advertising expenditures suggest that investors, at least partially, value these assets. Researchers and practitioners argue that current GAAP, by not recognizing these intangible assets, reduces the usefulness and relevance of accounting reports.We investigate whether companies with significant levels of intangible assets are more likely to emphasize dividend increases and stock repurchases (which are generally perceived as signaling favorable investment opportunities), instead of traditional accounting disclosures, as a means of overcoming adverse selection. Because these assets are difficult to measure, cash distributions may be viewed as a more credible means of signaling firm value to investors. Using analysts' ratings of firms' accounting disclosures, we find that companies with higher levels of R&D and advertising expenditures are less likely to provide extensive accounting disclosures and instead tend to employ dividend and stock repurchase signals. We obtain these results even after controlling for other firm attributes, such as size, stock returns performance, leverage, liquidity and investors' expectations of growth opportunities. We also find that the market reaction to dividend increase and stock repurchase announcements is greater for firms with higher levels of R&D and advertising expenditures, indicating that these announcements are more informative for such firms.     

资产重组中的交易费用问题研究

交易费用概念的提出和使用 ,对当代经济学科的发展产生了深远的影响。资产重组作为一种经济现象 ,对我国调整产业结构、优化资源配置将起着重要的作用。本文试图将交易费用分析方法和资产重组现象结合起来进行考察和探讨。通过利用会计学的基本原理 ,分析和把握交易费用的性质 ,阐述重组中的交易费用组成 ,并针对我国重组环境中影响交易费用的途径和方式 ,说明对重组效率的影响 ,据此提出提高重组效率的措施。     

殳份有限公司董事对公司的侵权责任研究

公司制度发展到今天，大量规定了董事的法定义务，这些法定义务无法由一种法律关系完全推导出来，而董事与公司关系的这种复杂性，造成了董事对公司责任的多样性和模糊性。如何完整规制董事与公司的关系，成为立法上保护公司和股东权益，健进公司治理结构合理化的一项紧迫任务。     

浅析上市公司资产重组中的政府行为

从国家的长远利益出发，政府必须减少对上市公司资产重组的直接介入与干预，重在推动市场建设和规范上市公司重组行为，推动上市公司的资产重组按照市场化原则实现最大化的资产重组价值，以此促进社会资源的有效配置和利用。     

预期通货膨胀与企业资产结构

本文以2003年至2015年的上市公司为研究样本,研究企业的资产结构调整过程是否会考虑预期通货膨胀的变化。结果表明,预期通货膨胀上升时期,企业金融资产水平降低,经营资产水平增加;针对预期通货膨胀主动调整资产结构的企业未来经营业绩会更好;宏观经济政策不确定性会抑制预期高通货膨胀对企业资产结构的影响。进一步研究发现,融资约束和产品市场竞争状况都会对预期通货膨胀与企业资产结构的关系产生影响。本文为企业更好地应对预期通货膨胀、降低政策变化风险和提高资产配置效率提供理论指导。     

审计中应关注企业改制中的资产流失

为保障国有产权有序流转,2005年4月11日,国资委、财政部联合颁发了《企业国有产权向管理层转让暂行规定》的通知。遵照《规定》的要求,将会有效地遏制国有资产转移中的资产流失。多年来,笔者在对国有企业改制及国有产权向管理层出资设立的企业转移的审计工作中,深深地感受到一些国有企业及含国有产权的各类企业(以下简称改制企业),     

资产评估已成上市公司资产重组定价核心

中国资产评估协会和上海证券交易所于日前完成了《上市公司2009年度并购重组资产评估专题分析报告》的编写工作。报告指出,资产评估已经成为上市公司重大资产重组定价的核心环节,为后金融危机时代以并购重组保经济平稳增长发挥积极作用。     

看住公共资产

澳大利亚刚刚发布了综合战略资产管理指南,它主要是告诉负责管理公营部门资产的专业人员如何妥善管理资产。随着澳大利亚联邦、各州和各领地政府建造项目的资产价值超过6000亿澳元,如何让这些资产发挥最大效益已经成为社会十分关注的问题。     

利率市场化与公司现金持有

利率市场化作为我国一项重要的金融改革对微观企业的现金持有决策产生了重要的影响。本文以2007～2017年我国非金融类上市公司为研究样本,考察了利率市场化对公司现金持有的影响,研究发现:利率市场化与公司现金持有水平呈正相关关系;利率市场化没有通过融资约束路径影响公司现金持有,而是经由公司治理效应路径在抑制超额持现的过度投资、增加公司现金持有水平的同时,增加了企业的研发投入;利率市场化对公司现金持有的影响在非国有企业、成长性高的企业和违约风险高的企业中更加明显,并且利率市场化下的现金持有行为对企业价值的提升作用主要存在于现金持有水平较低的样本。     

Interest Rate Swaps and Corporate Financing Choices

This paper describes the firm's decision to borrow short-term versus long-term and shows how the introduction of interest rate swaps affects this choice. The model shows that in the absence of a swap market, interest rate uncertainty can lead firms to substitute long-term for short-term financing. However, when swaps exist, there is a tendency for firms that expect their credit quality to improve to borrow short-term and use swaps to hedge interest rate risk. The model suggests that, while the demand for fixed for floating swaps is enhanced, the demand for floating for fixed swaps is reduced by the presence of asymmetric information.     

Corporate Debt Issuance and the Historical Level of Interest Rates

Using a sample that comprises more than 14,000 new issues of corporate debt for the period 1970-2001, we examine the relation between debt issues and the level of interest rates relative to historical levels. Consistent with recent survey evidence, we find that companies issue more debt, more debt relative to investment spending, and more debt compared to equity when interest rates are low relative to historical rates. The effects continue to hold when we control for other variables that influence debt issuance and when we account for refinancing.     

Labor and Corporate Governance: International Evidence from Restructuring Decisions

Our results highlight the importance of interaction among management, labor, and investors in shaping corporate governance. We find that strong union laws protect not only workers but also underperforming managers. Weak investor protection combined with strong union laws are conducive to worker–management alliances, wherein poorly performing firms sell assets to prevent large-scale layoffs, garnering worker support to retain management. Asset sales in weak investor protection countries lead to further deteriorating performance, whereas in strong investor protection countries they improve performance and lead to more layoffs. Strong union laws are less effective in preventing layoffs when financial leverage is high.     

论企业特殊性重组资产计税基础的确认原则

税法在不阻碍合理的企业重组行为有效实现的前提下,对符合条件的重组各方资产隐含增值给予不定期递延纳税优惠原则的确定。首先,从税收中性的角度出发,税收政策的制定应当尽量不影响或少影响资金、货物、人才和技术的自由流动,税法对重组程序视为没有发生过一样来对待;其次,持续经营条件下的企业重组各方,对重组后企业应税利润的计算,应以重组前企业的税收要素为基础;再次,企业重组的各方获得的是股权支付。实际上并没有实现资产的变现,因而,暂时没有纳税能力,重组企业的纳税义务,应当不定期递延到未来有能力纳税时履行,但重组前后其计税基础总量应当保持不变。     

Corporate Restructuring in Response to Performance Decline: Impact of Ownership, Governance and Lenders

Firms in performance decline may choose a variety ofrestructuring strategies for recovery with conflicting welfareimplications for different stakeholders such as shareholders,lenders and managers. Choice of recovery strategies is thereforedetermined by the complex interplay of ownership structure,corporate governance and lender monitoring of such firms. For asample of 297 U.K. firms experiencing relative stock return declineduring 1987–93, we examine the impact of these factors as wellas other control factors on their turnaround strategies. Strategychoices during the decline year and two post-decline years aremodelled with logit regressions. Our results show that turnaroundstrategy choices are significantly influenced by both agency andcontrol variables. While there is agreement among stakeholderson certain strategies there is also evidence of conflict ofinterests among them. There is further evidence of shiftingcoalitions of stakeholders for or against certain strategies.     

Corporate Restructuring in Response to Performance Decline: Impact of Ownership, Governance and Lenders

Firms in performance decline may choose a variety of restructuringstrategies for recovery with conflicting welfare implicationsfor different stakeholders such as shareholders, lenders andmanagers. Choice of recovery strategies is therefore determinedby the complex interplay of ownership structure, corporate governanceand lender monitoring of such firms. For a sample of 297 U.K.firms experiencing relative stock return decline during 1987–93,we examine the impact of these factors as well as other controlfactors on their turnaround strategies. Strategy choices duringthe decline year and two post-decline years are modelled withlogit regressions. Our results show that turnaround strategychoices are significantly influenced by both agency and controlvariables. While there is agreement among stakeholders on certainstrategies there is also evidence of conflict of interests amongthem. Thereis further evidence of shifting coalitions of stakeholdersfor or against certain strategies.     

Corporate Interest Rates and the Financial Accelerator in the Czech Republic

We analyze the determinants of corporate interest rates and the financial accelerator in the Czech Republic. Using a unique panel of 448 Czech firms from 1996 to 2002, we find that selected balance sheet indicators significantly influence the firmspecific interest rates. Debt structure and cash flow have significant effects on interest rates, whereas indicators on collateral play no significant role. Monetary policy has stronger effects on smaller firms than on medium-size and larger firms. Finally, we find no asymmetric effects in the monetary policy over the business cycle.     

Corporate Restructuring and Corporate Dissolution of Companies in Financial Distress: Ensuring Creditor Protection. A Comparison of the US,UK and Dutch Models

Where a company is in financial distress, there are two options: rescue of the (viable) company by restructuring or liquidation of the (unviable) company by dissolution. In practice, the most important restructuring procedure is the US Chapter 11. Many European jurisdictions have used Chapter 11 as a source of inspiration for the enactment of their restructuring proceedings. However, in Europe, national restructuring rules vary greatly in respect of the range of procedures available to companies in financial distress aiming at restructuring. Some European jurisdictions do not provide for formal restructuring procedures at all. Unviable companies in financial distress are too broke to restructure. In most European jurisdictions, unviable companies can be dissolved very quickly and cheaply. However, these procedures also differ from each other. Copyright © 2017 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.