Exchange Rate,Exchange Rate Volatility and Foreign Direct Investment

In the light of the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) for the promotion of economic development, this paper examines the impact of the changes in the real exchange rate and its volatility on FDI. Examining Japan's FDI by industries, we found that the depreciation of the currency of the host country attracted FDI, while the high volatility of the exchange rate discouraged FDI. Our results suggest the need to avoid over‐valuation of the exchange rate and to maintain stable but flexible exchange rate in order to attract FDI.     

噪声交易、人民币汇率波动与汇率制度选择

本文构建了一个包含宏观经济基本面和外汇市场微观结构的理论模型,将进入外汇市场的噪声交易者数量内生化,合理解释了人民币汇率波动的形成机制。理论分析表明,汇率波动既与宏观经济基本面波动正相关,也与进入外汇市场的噪声交易者数量正相关。在给定宏观经济基本面波动的情况下,人民币汇率波动取决于噪声交易者对人民币风险溢价的预期。当噪声交易者对人民币风险溢价的预期较高时,实行有管理的浮动汇率制度能够有效抑制噪声交易者进入外汇市场,有助于降低人民币汇率波动并提升货币政策效果。基于理论分析结论,本文采用1996年1月至2015年6月的月度数据对中国的无抛补利率平价进行实证检验,间接测度了人民币外汇市场中噪声交易者数量的变化。实证结果显示,人民币外汇市场中噪声交易者的数量较多,且随着2012年4月后人民币汇率浮动区间的扩大,噪声交易者的数量明显增加。     

Intraday Volatility in Interest‐Rate and Foreign‐Exchange Markets: ARCH,Announcement, and Seasonality Effects

We explore the determinants of intraday volatility in interest‐rate and foreign‐exchange markets, focusing on the importance and interaction of three types of information in predicting intraday volatility: (a) knowledge of recent past volatilities (i.e., ARCH or Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity effects); (b) prior knowledge of when major scheduled macroeconomic announcements, such as the employment report or Producer Price Index, will be released; and (c) knowledge of seasonality patterns. We find that all three information sets have significant incremental predictive power, but macroeconomic announcements are the most important determinants of periods of very high intraday volatility (particularly in the interest‐rate markets). We show that because the three information sets are not independent, it is necessary to simultaneously consider all three to accurately measure intraday volatility patterns. For instance, we find that most of the previously documented time‐of‐day and day‐of‐the‐week volatility patterns in these markets are due to the tendency for macroeconomic announcements to occur on particular days and at particular times. Indeed, the familiar U‐shape completely disappears in the foreign‐exchange market. We also find that estimates of ARCH effects are considerably altered when we account for announcement effects and return periodicity; specifically, estimates of volatility persistence are sharply reduced. Separately, our results show that high volatility persists longer after shocks due to unscheduled announcements than after equivalent shocks due to scheduled announcements, indicating that market participants digest information much more quickly if they are prepared to receive it. However, contrary to results from equity markets, we find no evidence of a meaningful difference in volatility persistence after positive or negative price shocks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 517–552, 2001     

The Return‐Implied Volatility Relation for Commodity ETFs

We examine the return‐implied volatility relation by employing “commodity” option VIXs for the euro, gold, and oil. This relation is substantially weaker than for stock indexes. We propose several potential reasons for these unusually weak results. Also, gold possesses an unusual positive contemporaneous return coefficient, which is consistent with a demand volatility skew rather than the typical investment skew. Moreover, the euro and gold are not asymmetric. We relate the results to trading strategies, algorithmic trading, and behavioral theories. An important conclusion of the study is that important differences exist regarding implied volatility for certain types of assets that have not yet been explained in the literature; namely, the results in this study concerning commodity ETFs versus stock indexes, plus previous research on stock indexes versus individual stocks, and the pricing of stock index options versus individual stock options. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:261–281, 2014     

The Information Content of Model‐Free Implied Volatility

This study examines the information content of model‐free implied volatility (MFIV) estimates with respect to the options and futures markets in Hong Kong. In this study, the volatility forecasting performance of MFIV is compared, using different prediction horizons, to IV estimates based on Black's futures option pricing model (BIV) and time‐series forecasts based on historical volatility (TS‐HV). The results show that the BIV prediction is unbiased for different horizon forecasts. MFIV outperforms TS‐HV forecasts and, most importantly, BIV subsumes the information content of both MFIV and TS‐HV forecasts. The results are largely maintained for next‐day forecasts but the forecasting quality of the two IV measures declines as expiration day approaches. The information contents of MFIV and TS‐HV forecasts are complementary. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 32:792‐806, 2012     

汇率波动、金融结构与技术创新

随着全球经济不确定性的上升,我国"创新驱动发展"战略的实施面临诸多挑战,金融供给侧结构性改革作为激发新动能的重要路径选择,备受各界关注。本文将金融结构的异质性纳入分析框架,系统考察了汇率波动与一国技术创新水平之间的关系。研究发现:汇率波动对一国技术创新具有显著的抑制作用,并且对发展中国家的负向冲击大于发达国家;汇率波动对一国技术创新负向冲击的影响随着技术创新分位点的上升而逐渐减小,2008年金融危机的爆发放大了汇率波动对一国技术创新水平的抑制作用。机制检验发现,国家风险触发效应和研发投入冲击效应是汇率波动影响一国技术创新水平的重要渠道。此外,引入金融结构指标研究发现,相较于银行主导型,市场主导型金融结构更有助于缓解汇率波动对一国技术创新的负向冲击,并且金融结构存在门限效应,跨过门限值调节作用将大大增强。     

Foreign Exchange Intervention and Exchange Rate Volatility in Zambia

The study analyzes the impact of central bank intervention on the volatility of the exchange rate in Zambia during the period of 1996–2013 Bank of Zambia (BoZ). (1996–2013). Annual Reports . Lusaka , Zambia : Author. [Google Scholar]. The empirical findings reveal a statistically weak negative impact of intervention on exchange rate volatility, suggesting that other policy instruments are required to augment foreign exchange interventions in dampening volatility in the exchange rate.     

Mexican Peso Futures and Exchange Rate Volatility

Abstract

The reintroduction of Mexican peso futures contracts in April 1995 resulted from a refocus of governmental policy to the use of market-based mechanisms to stabilize the exchange rate. Interest in the Mexican peso future contracts has been high as investors look to manage their exposure from transactions and investments denominated in pesos. This study utilizes a VAR framework to analyze the relationship between the volatility in the Mexican peso spot market and futures contracts trading activity. Shocks to the exchange rate volatility lead to increased hedg-ing-type activity. Furthermore, an increase in futures contracts trading activity (reflecting additional speculation-type activity) results in a short-run increase in volatility. A Granger Causality test also indicates a statistically significant link between spot price volatility and futures trading activity in the Mexican peso exchange market.

RESUMEN

La reintroducción de los contratos futuros del peso mexicano en abril de 1995, resultó del nuevo enfoque de la política gubernamental de usar los mecanismos de mercado para estabilizar la tasa cambiaria. Ha habido mucho interés en los contratos futuros del peso mexicano, ya que los inversores buscan administrar su exposición a las transacciones e inversiones denominadas en pesos. Este estudio utiliza el marco del VAR para analizar la relación existente entre la volatilidad del peso mexicano en el mercado spot y la actividad de negociación de los contratos futuros. Los choques sufridos por la volatilidad de la tasa cambiaria resultan en un aumento de las actividades del tipo hedging. Además, un aumento en la actividad de negociación de los contratos futuros (que refleja otras actividades de naturaleza especulativa) provoca, a corto plazo, un aumento en la volatilidad. Una prueba Granger Causality también indica un vínculo estadísticamente significativo entre la volatilidad del precio spot y la actividad de negociación del mercado futuro en el mercado cambiario del peso mexicano.

RESUMO

A reintrodução dos contratos futuros em peso mexicano, em abril de 1995, foi o resultado de uma revisão da política governamental, em relação ao uso dos mecanismos baseados no mercado para estabilizar a taxa de câmbio. Os juros dos contratos futuros, em peso mexicano, foram altos, devido ao cuidado dos investidores em administrar o risco das transaç[otilde]es e dos investimentos efetuados em pesos. Este estudo utiliza a estrutura VAR, para analisar o relacionamento entre a volatilidade do mercado local, em peso mexicano, e a atividade comercial de contratos futuros. Choques aplicados à volatilidade da taxa de câmbio contribuíram para o aumento das atividades típicas de hedging. Além disso, um crescimento da atividade comercial de contratos futuros (refletindo uma atividade basicamente especulativa) ocasiona um rápido aumento na volatilidade. O teste Granger Causality indica, também, um vínculo estatístico significativo entre a volatilidade do preço local e a atividade comercial de futuros no mercado cambial do peso mexicano.     

汇率风险与企业出口

为了让人民币成为国际上的重要储备货币和投资贸易上的重要结算货币,增加人民币汇率机制的灵活性并控制由此而增加的汇率风险是人民币国际化中回避不了的问题。很多政策制定者和学者担忧:这是否会损害中国的对外贸易利益?本文在Melitz模型的框架下,在理论上分析了汇率风险对企业出口贸易的影响机理;在实证上使用中国2000—2008年的企业出口贸易和工业统计数据①,在不同的稳健情形下检验的结果表明:汇率风险对出口贸易有着相互冲突的作用力,双边汇率风险抑制了企业的出口行为,与除了出口目的地之外的其他目的地之间的多边汇率波动风险促进了企业的出口贸易;出口企业出口的产品种类和出口目的地越多,企业就会在不同的目的地之间优化分配出口资源,吸收双边汇率风险的负面冲击效应,从总体上推动贸易的发展。该论证为央行进一步放松人民币汇率浮动幅度的改革提供了理论上的支持。     

Exchange Rate Volatility and Intra‐Asia Trade: Evidence by Type of Goods

This paper examines the impact of intra‐Asia exchange rate volatility on intra‐Asia trade in primary goods, intermediate goods, equipment goods and consumption goods from 1980 to 2009. For Asia, the evidence shows that as intraregional exchange rate volatility increases, intraregional exports in these goods fall. This adverse impact is even more pronounced in the subregion of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)+5 comprising ASEAN member countries plus the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Japan; the Republic of Korea; and Taipei, China; and especially among intermediate and equipment exports. Again, the impact magnifies in an even smaller subgroup excluding the smaller ASEAN economies. These results underline the significant impact of exchange rate volatility on the region's production networks. For South Asia, however, exchange rate volatility appears to have a positive impact on exports. Still, caution is warranted given that South Asian economies trade relatively little with each other.     

Foreign Equity Trading and Average Stock‐return Volatility

We examine whether there is a relationship between foreign equity trading and average total volatility, measured as the value‐weighted average of stock‐return variance in the Istanbul Stock Exchange. We employ foreign equity purchase and sale data to track changes in foreign equity trading, which not only enable us to capture effective foreign investor participation but also to observe the potential asymmetric effects of incoming and outgoing funds on the average total volatility. Consistent with the implications of the asymmetric information hypothesis, we find that net equity flow is positively associated with average total volatility. Furthermore, we show that net equity flow affects the average total volatility through the local and idiosyncratic volatilities, suggesting that foreign investors engage in the production of firm specific and market wide information.     

Exchange Rate Volatility and Economic Activities of Africa's Sub-Groups

Exchange rates have been highly volatile in Africa, especially since the move to a floating exchange rate system beginning in the 1980s. Generally, the pattern of exchange rate changes differs between Africa's two main sub-groups (CFA and non-CFA groups) due to the different monetary/exchange rate systems they adopted. This article therefore examines the effect of exchange rate volatility on the economic activities in Africa and its sub-groups during the period 1986–2011 using a panel data approach.

Rational expectation theory informs the division of exchange rate into anticipated and unanticipated. Both the demand and supply channels are explored to trace the impact of the exchange rate volatility on price as well as aggregate demand and its components. Empirical results reveal differences in the impact of exchange rate volatility on economic activities between Africa's two sub-groups. Exchange rate volatility produced more significant effects in the non-CFA group than in the CFA group.     

Volatility in Exchange Rate Components and the Volume of International Trade

By decomposing the changes in the real exchange rate series into fundamental and transitory components (market microstructure and stochastic element) and modeling the volatility in each via a GARCH process, this paper examines how volatility in exchange rate affects the volume of aggregate and disaggregate US trade with Canada, Germany, and Hong Kong during the 1989–2002 period. The results indicate significantly different impacts of volatility due to the fundamental and transitory components of the exchange rate series on US bilateral trade. While the findings suggest heterogeneous responses of traders to volatilities arising from different components of the real exchange rate, the impact of the volatility due to the fundamental component is also found to vary across commodities, implying disparities in the inter- and intra-trading arrangements made by traders of different goods in counteracting foreign exchange risk arising from changes in the economic fundamentals.     

外国经济波动、资本流动与汇率调整

本文在随机一般均衡非对称两国模型中探讨了在外生冲击下,资本流动对欠发达国家汇率波动的影响.本文发现:在浮动汇率制度、资本账户开放、投资者的资产调整存在时滞等假设下,发达国家产出波动冲击所引发的投资者资产调整可引起欠发达国家货币的升值.但如发达国家产出波动冲击也引起了欠发达国家产出波动幅度的提高,则欠发达国家货币是否升值取决于欠发达国家产出波动增大的幅度是否低于发达国家.此外,发达国家居民越重视财富和社会地位,越有可能加深欠发达国家的汇率波动幅度.     

Boom‐and‐bust Cycles,External Imbalances and the Real Exchange Rate

When the current account balance and net capital outflows do not exactly offset each other, international payment flows arise. Payment flows into a country push the real exchange rate up, payment outflows push it down. This article uses a model of optimal consumption and portfolio choice to determine the factors that drive international payment flows during boom‐and‐bust cycles. It shows that during such episodes, capital inflows first exceed the deficit on current account, strengthening the currency. Later on, when the return on domestic capital reverts to its normal level, the current account recovers, yet the overall decline of the net foreign asset position provokes a fall of the real exchange rate even below its initial level. Case studies of countries experiencing rapid economic expansions followed by economic and financial meltdowns confirm the article's theoretical predictions.