金融加速器效应在中国的存在性分析——以次贷危机发生后的经济环境为例

金融加速器理论是关于金融市场通过信贷渠道对于宏观经济波动的周期性放大效应的理论。金融加速器理论有三个重要的假设:资产负债表状况是企业支出的重要决定因素;企业的资产负债表状况在经济衰退时期比其它时期对于企业支出更具解释力;金融加速器影响小企业的可能性大于大企业。次贷危机引发的全球金融海啸波及中国经济,金融加速器"小冲击、大波动"的特点在中国得到了充分体现。同时,中国经济自身的特点又对金融加速器的研究和利用提出了更多的要求。     

资产净值、信贷扩张与投资支出

本文在对资产净值、信贷扩张与投资支出关系进行理论分析的基础上,运用Granger因果检验、VAR模型等方法实证分析了资产价格波动与我国信贷的关系,结果发现,房价变动率对我国贷款变动率有显著的正向影响,说明存在房价影响投资的资产负债表渠道.文章最后提出政策当局应注意资产价格波动对企业净值和银行信贷的影响,尤其要避免房价暴跌带来的"金融加速器"效应及随之而来的金融风险.     

经济周期与金融危机:金融加速器理论的现实解释

纵观人类的经济史,金融危机必然伴随着实体经济的剧烈波动甚至是严重的经济衰退,然而传统的周期理论却无法解释金融市场变化如何能够大幅度改变真实经济变量.伯南克等提出的"金融加速器"理论为理解金融市场在经济周期中的作用提供了一个很好的视角.本文在对金融加速器理论的思想源头和发展脉络进行梳理的基础上,对资产价格泡沫与产出波动、经济周期的非线性、非对称性特征以及信贷的超常增长与金融不稳定性的关系等现实问题基于金融加速器的视角进行了透视.随着现代经济表现出愈来愈明显的金融经济周期特征,有必要高度关注金融加速器效应对宏观经济政策的影响.     

利率约束与中国宏观经济波动——基于TVAR模型的实证研究

本文运用TVAR(门限向量自回归)模型在宏观层面上对中国利率约束与宏观经济波动的非线性关系进行实证研究.本文采用了2006年到2017年三季度的数据研究发现中国在过去信贷水平较低,特别是金融市场还不发达的情况下,存贷利率约束总体上减少了经济的波动,而在信贷水平较高时,反而起到一种金融加速器的作用.表明随着经济的发展,存贷款利率约束也渐渐不再适合经济的发展要求,渐进式的利率市场化改革有助促进经济的良好发展.     

汇率制度、金融加速器和经济波动

本文建立一个小型开放经济模型,目的之一是探究中国开放经济中金融加速器的存在性;二是针对中国1997—2008年间宏观经济波动特征分析不同汇率制度下金融加速器效应的差异,以验证相对浮动汇率来说,固定汇率是否会加大经济波动。通过使用中国数据和ML方法估计含和不含金融加速器的DSGE模型发现,似然率检验接受前者而拒绝后者。模拟结果显示含金融加速器模型模拟数据与实际数据特征更接近,再次验证了开放经济中金融加速器的存在。固定汇率下金融加速器效应强于浮动汇率,部分解释了1997—2008年间中国经济在不同汇率制度下宏观变量波动的差异。金融加速器主要传播和放大投资效率和货币政策冲击对经济的影响,对货币需求和国外冲击也有一定的放大作用,但对技术和偏好冲击的放大作用不明显。     

中国股市与宏观经济关系的实证分析

中国股市自创建以来虽然得到了迅猛发展,但仍然是一个新兴市场,对于中国股市是不是宏观经济"晴雨表"的问题存在着不同看法.本文中,笔者运用金融计量学中的协整检验及格兰杰因果检验的方法,通过对我国股市表现出来的股价波动和宏观经济指标进行研究来考察股市波动和整个宏观经济的关系,看它们之间是否相互影响,如何影响,并分析其原因所在.     

信贷总量与宏观经济增长关系分析

本文通过理论分析和实证检验证明信贷增长与宏观经济密切相关,信贷总量是经济增长的主因。信贷总量和信贷结构的变化可以反映出经济增长的方式、速度和波动。新增信贷变化反映经济增长特征。信贷的质量取决于宏观经济周期。信贷投资行为要把握经济周期变化中的风险和机会。     

人格特征对农户信贷行为的影响——基于中国农村普惠金融调查的实证研究

运用中国农业大学"中国农村普惠金融调查"数据,就"大五"人格特征对农户信贷行为的影响进行实证检验,为推进农村普惠金融发展提供新的经验证据。基准回归结果表明,开放性、严谨性和外向性等积极人格特征对信贷行为有显著的正向影响。顺同性和神经质等消极人格特征对农户信贷行为有显著的负面影响。因开放性人格特征对农户信贷行为的边际贡献更明显,运用处理效应模型,就开放性人格特征对信贷行为的影响进行深入研究,发现高开放性农户的信贷需求更强,获得正规信贷的可能性更大、额度更高。同时,以"是否使用移动互联支付工具"作为开放性人格特征的替代变量,进行稳健性检验,得出一致结论。     

信贷总量与宏观经济增长关系分析

本文通过理论分析和实证检验证明信贷增长与宏观经济密切相关,信贷总量是经济增长的主因.信贷总量和信贷结构的变化可以反映出经济增长的方式、速度和波动.新增信贷变化反映经济增长特征.信贷的质量取决于宏观经济周期.信贷投资行为要把握经济周期变化中的风险和机会.     

第五届中国金融经济周期论坛(2019)征文启事

<正>近十多年来,全球范围内,金融因素(金融冲击、金融摩擦、金融中介)逐步上升为总体宏观经济周期波动的主要影响因素,经济规律的"金融化"成为宏观经济的最显著特征。在此背景下,金融经济周期理论(Theory of the Financial Business Cycles,FBC)正成为传统周期理论(商业     

Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Bank Lending: Evidence for Germany and the Euro Area

Abstract. This paper analyzes the dynamic response of loans to the private sector and of economic activity to aggregate supply, demand and monetary policy shocks in Germany and the euro area based on a standard macroeconomic VAR using sign restrictions to identify the structural shocks. The main results of this analysis are that (i) with the exception of the response to the supply shock in Germany, the response of loans to the three macroeconomic shocks is rather weak and in most cases insignificant; (ii) the 2000–05 credit slowdown and weak economic performance in Germany were primarily driven by adverse supply shocks; and (iii) the marked slowdown in credit creation in Germany over this period actually represents a realignment of the outstanding stock of loans with its deterministic level. In order to assess the role of bank lending in the transmission of macroeconomic shocks, we further perform counterfactual simulations and analyze the dynamic responses of German loan subaggregates in order to test the distributional implications of potential credit market frictions. These exercises do not indicate that credit market frictions play an amplifying role in the transmission of macroeconomic fluctuations.     

Housing and credit market shocks: Exploring the role of rule-based Basel III counter-cyclical capital requirements

This paper examines the extent to which the Basel III bank capital regulation attenuates fluctuations in housing and credit markets and fosters financial and macroeconomic stability. We use a positive housing demand shock to mimic a housing market boom and a negative financial shock for credit squeeze and economic meltdown. The results show that the rule-based Basel III counter-cyclical capital requirement effectively attenuates fluctuations in housing and credit markets and prevents bubbles. In the case of a negative financial shock, it significantly reduces the magnitude of economic meltdown. Our analysis of the transition from Basel II to Basel III suggests that it is the counter-cyclical capital buffer that effectively mitigates the pro-cyclicality of its predecessor, while the impact of the conservative buffer is marginal. In contrast to the credit-to-GDP ratio, the optimal policy analysis suggests that the regulatory authority should adjust the capital requirement to changes in credit and output when implementing the counter-cyclical buffer. Future research could extend the study by comparing the effectiveness of the rule-based Basel III with other macroprudential tools in achieving financial and macroeconomic stability.     

Structural Changes and the Scope of Inflation Targeting in Korea *

A small, open macroeconomic model that accounts for new financial accelerator effects (the effects of fluctuations in asset prices on bank credit and economic activity) is developed to evaluate various policy rules for inflation targeting. Given the conditions of asset markets and the fragility of the financial sector, monetary policy responses can potentially amplify the financial accelerator effect. Simulations are used to compare various forms of inflation targeting using a model that emphasizes long-term inflation expectations, output changes, and the asset price channels. The simulations suggest that a successful outcome can be obtained by adhering to simple forward-looking rules, rather than backward-looking policy rules. Furthermore, inflation targeting can contribute to price as well as output stability by helping to keep the financial accelerator from being activated. Inflation targeting in emerging economies can provide an environment conducive to long-term capital market development. [E51,F3,F4]     

The macroeconomic impact of financial and uncertainty shocks

The extraordinary events surrounding the Great Recession have cast a considerable doubt on the traditional sources of macroeconomic instability. In their place, economists have singled out financial and uncertainty shocks as potentially important drivers of economic fluctuations. Empirically distinguishing between these two types of shocks, however, is difficult because increases in economic uncertainty are strongly associated with a widening of credit spreads, an indication of a tightening in financial conditions. This paper uses the penalty function approach within the SVAR framework to examine the interaction between financial conditions and economic uncertainty and to trace out the impact of these two types of shocks on the economy. The results indicate that (1) financial shocks have a significant adverse effect on economic outcomes and that such shocks were an important source of cyclical fluctuations since the mid-1980s; (2) uncertainty shocks, especially those implied by uncertainty proxies that do not rely on financial asset prices, are also an important source of macroeconomic disturbances; and (3) uncertainty shocks have an especially negative economic impact in situations where they elicit a concomitant tightening of financial conditions. Evidence suggests that the Great Recession was likely an acute manifestation of the toxic interaction between uncertainty and financial shocks.     

Financial development shocks and contemporaneous feedback effect on key macroeconomic indicators: A post Keynesian time series analysis

In this paper we take into account the role of the banking system, credit and stock market in stimulating aggregate demand in post Keynesian tradition. According to the results of impulse response analysis; it appears all three financial development indicators contributed as expected in improving macroeconomic performance of South Korean economy. Stock market capitalisation and domestic credit availability are strongly responsible for stimulation of investment, saving and productivity Growth in Hong Kong. The UK financial system seems vulnerable to future shocks, whether by shocks in the credit markets or stock markets.     

企业规模与货币政策的非对称效应

在金融加速器模型的基础上，本文构建了含有企业异质性的动态随机一般均衡模型，并以此考察了我国货币政策对不同规模企业的非对称效应。研究结果表明，相对于大企业，中小企业更易受到紧缩性货币政策冲击的影响，中小企业产出下降幅度约是大企业的三倍。造成这种非对称效应的主要原因在于中小企业外部融资受到限制。此外，货币政策冲击通过信贷市场放大了经济波动，经济中存在着明显的金融加速器效应现象。因此，央行在制定货币政策时应考虑到货币政策对不同规模企业的非对称效应，并谨慎选择名义利率的调整幅度。     

Risk Shocks and Credit Spreads

What moves corporate bond credit spreads? This paper employs a novel statistical method to extract the shock that accounts for the maximal amount of the forecast error variance of credit spreads over a given forecast horizon. I find that the extracted shock can explain a substantial portion of unpredictable fluctuations in credit spreads. In particular, impulse response functions indicate that it has a significant adverse effect on economic activity and financial markets, and closely resemble those of the risk shock as reported in Christiano et al. (2014). To investigate this interpretation more formally, I identify the risk shock using the VIX index as a measure of uncertainty proposed by Bloom (2009) and show that surprisingly, the two shocks are intimately related despite using different identification procedures. This finding implies that the risk shock is the main driver of movements in credit spreads, providing empirical evidence on their strong linkages with macroeconomic dynamics, as well as on their roles in presenting valuable information about future economic activity.     

The financial accelerator and the real economy: A small macroeconometric model for Norway with financial frictions

This paper studies the salient features of a core macro econometric model that allows for self-reinforcing co-movements between credit, asset prices and real economic activity. In contrast to the economic literature that cultivates highly stylized model representations aimed at illustrating the workings and the implications of such a feature, the model of this paper integrates two mutually reinforcing financial accelerator mechanisms within the framework of a fully-fledged core macroeconomic model. The impulse responses of such a model is in line with the ones typical of SVAR/DSGE models, though the amplitude of shocks is in most cases stronger than the ones pertaining to these kinds of models. This is due to the workings of the financial accelerators that contribute to magnify the effects of shocks to the economy. A forecast comparison undertaken between our model and an alternative macro econometric model without a financial block, suggests that financial feedback mechanisms may be forecast improving.     

Sources of business fluctuations: Financial or technology shocks?

Despite the widespread belief that technology shocks are the main source of business fluctuations, recent empirical studies indicate that in the absence of financial frictions, a shock to the marginal efficiency of investment is the main source and is closely related to financial conditions for investment. We incorporate a financial accelerator mechanism and two types of financial shocks to the external finance premium and net worth in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with shocks to the marginal efficiency of investment, the investment-good price markup, and the rates of neutral and investment-specific technological changes. This model is estimated using eleven US time series that include data on loan, net worth, the loan rate, and the relative price of investment. Our estimation results show that the (non-stationary) neutral and investment-specific technology shocks primarily drive output and investment fluctuations, while the external finance premium shock plays an important role for investment fluctuations. This financial shock induced substantial falls and subsequent sharp hikes in the external finance premium and caused boom–bust cycles over the past two decades.     

1980-2006年东亚经济波动的原因——基于面板VAR的分析

东亚经济波动及其协同性的存在已得到学术界的认同,文章通过构建面板向量自回归模型,检验了6种冲击对东亚经济波动的影响,并考察了宏观经济各变量在面时冲击时的动态反应,以及汇率和通货膨胀对经济波动的传导作用.研究表明,国内的供给冲击、汇率冲击,国外的利率冲击、需求冲击都会对东亚经济波动产生较大影响,汇率是外部冲击的重要传导渠道,而通胀是内部冲击的重要传导渠道.随着东亚经济一体化进程的推进和金融市场不断开放,东亚各经济体对外部需求变动和世界利率变动所产生的冲击应予以重视.