建立在行为经济学理论基础上的委托-代理模型:物质效用与动机公平的替代

本文通过将Rabin(1993)提出的同时考虑了物质效用和"动机公平"的效用函数植入现有的委托代理模型,获得一个代理人表现出"互惠性"非理性行为的新委托代理模型。由该模型给出来的最优委托代理合约在一定条件下可以给委托人带来比现有委托代理最优合约更高的利润水平。该研究改进和完善了蒲勇健(2007)的结果。与蒲勇健(2007)的研究相比,我们发现在同时考虑了物质效用和"动机公平"的情况下,非理性代理人的行为更加复杂,他会在公平与自利之间寻求平衡。数值模拟的结果表明,模型一般会存在解。     

直入“公平博弈”的委托—代理模型——来自行为经济学的一个贡献

本文通过将Rabin（1993）提出的“公平博弈”概念植入现有委托一代理模型，获得一个考虑了代理人表现出“互惠性”非理性行为的新委托一代理模型：由该模型给出来的最优委托一代理合约可以给委托人带来比现有委托一代理最优合约更高的利润水平研究发现，现有的Holmstrom-Milgrom模型中的最优合约不是帕累托最优的。新模型可以解释企业人性化管理和许多有特色的人性化企业文化的形成本文是行为经济学与现有激励理论相结合研究的一种初步尝试，是运用行为经济学原理重建信息经济学基本框架的原创性工作。     

植入"公平博弈"的委托-代理模型——来自行为经济学的一个贡献

本文通过将Rabin(1993)提出的"公平博弈"概念植入现有委托一代理模型,获得一个考虑了代理人表现出"互惠性"非理性行为的新委托一代理模型.由该模型给出来的最优委托一代理合约可以给委托人带来比现有委托一代理最优合约更高的利润水平.研究发现,现有的Holmstrom-Milgrom模型中的最优合约不是帕累托最优的.新模型可以解释企业人性化管理和许多有特色的人性化企业文化的形成.本文是行为经济学与现有激励理论相结合研究的一种初步尝试,是运用行为经济学原理重建信息经济学基本框架的原创性工作.     

行为委托-代理激励新模型及分析框架

标准委托-代理激励模型及分析框架沿袭新古典经济学中关于理性经济人、偏好不变、预期效用等基本假定,存在一些无法解释的现象和悖论。本文从行为经济学对主流经济学的新古典经济学基本假设的挑战出发,对标准委托-代理激励模型及分析框架中代理人完全理性和风险规避等基本假设所带来的缺陷进行了系统分析,探究了如何利用期望理论的价值函数替代期望效用函数、有限理性替代完全理性来构建新的委托一代理激励模型及分析框架。新模型和框架考虑了代理人的心理特征和非理性行为,将增强激励模型及分析框架对现实制度的解释力和适用性。     

植入“过度自信”因素的委托-代理合同研究

传统的委托代理关系研究假设委托人和代理人都是完全理性的,但大量研究表明,双方参与人并非完全理性,最显著的非理性表现就是过度自信。本文将行为经济理论与委托-代理理论相结合,把代理人过度自信的因素引入Holmstorm—Milgrom模型中,对代理人的参与约束条件进行了改进,建立了代理人过度自信情况下的委托-代理模型。研究结果表明,代理人的过度自信水平与代理人的绝对风险规避度和努力成本以及外生不确定性因素有关,代理人适当过度自信将给委托-代理双方带来更高的收益。     

植入"过度自信"因素的委托一代理合同研究

传统的委托-代理关系研究假设委托人和代理人都是完全理性的,但大量研究表明,双方参与人并非完全理性,最显著的非理性表现就是过度自信.本文将行为经济理论与委托一代理理论相结合,把代理人过度自信的因素引入Holmstorm-Milgrom模型中,对代理人的参与约束条件进行了改进,建立了代理人过度自信情况下的委托-代理模型.研究结果表明,代理人的过度自信水平与代理人的绝对风险规避度和努力成本以及外生不确定性因素有关,代理人适当过度自信将给委托-代理双方带来更高的收益.     

委托——代理关系中腐败的经济学分析

利用委托－代理关系分析政府官员（代理）与公共权力的授予机构（委托人）在信息不对称条件下可能产生的腐败行为，为了解释腐败产生的原因，通过委托人与代理人的博弈模型集中分析了代理人的选择问题，该模型是根据信息经济学和激励理论的基本观点构建的，依据该模型分析得若干结论，这些结论可以较好地解释委托－代理关系中的腐败问题。     

民营企业人才激励制度研究——基于“身份转换预期”的植入

通过将“身份转换预期”这一理性预期概念植入到现有的Holmstrom～Milgrom模型，获得了一个考虑代理人表现出职业生涯规划眼光的新委托．代理模型。该模型给出的最优契约表明，引入“身份转换预期”后，代理人不是仅仅最大化当期收入，而是付出更多的努力并愿意放弃部分当期收益，以期实现整个职业生涯收益的最大化，在这一过程中，相比较原模型，委托人获得了更高的利润水平。从与管理层签订股权激励合约这一角度的实证结果证实了理论模型的结论。     

公平与互惠理论视角的知识员工激励

知识员工的特性使得基于理性人假设的经济契约不能进行有效激励。本文建立了基于知识员工互惠性的委托-代理模型。研究结果显示,新模型的最优委托-代理合约可给委托人带来比传统的委托-代理最优合约更高的利润水平。     

论管理者激励性报酬

党的十四届三中全会明确了我国国有企业的改革方向是进一步转变企业经营机制，建立现代企业制度。在现代企业制度中，企业董事由股东选举产生，经理由查事会聘任，股东与经理之间（通过董事会）会形成委托代理关系。按照委托代理理论，在委托人（股东）与代理人（经理）都有行为能力的前提下，由于委托人与代理人效用目标不一致、信息不对称、道德风险等原因，可能出现代理人员损害委托人利益的行为，即委托代理问题。解决委托代理问题，减少委托代理成本，应建立有效的约束机制和激励机制。对管理者进行激励应贯彻精神激励和物质激励相结合…     

新制度经济学委托代理理论视野的拓展*

新制度经济学中的委托代理理论基于“经济人理性”假定,设计出了精密、精巧、精致的委托代理制度,有效化解了现代企业中委托人与代理人之间利益冲突并提升了企业运营效率。然而,现代企业实践已经证明,即使委托代理制度十分精密、精巧、精致,仍然没有彻底解决委托人与代理人之间的利益冲突和企业运营效率进一步提升问题。因此,必须拓展既有理论视野,从“经济人理性”假定拓展到“经济人+社会人+家庭人复合理性”假定,这样就能够实现委托代理理论视野的拓展。运用新制度经济学研究方法和双边对称信任数理模型表明：基于委托代理制度,进一步强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度,可以进一步化解他们之间的利益冲突并且改善企业运营效率。基于这一结论,强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度的具体路径是优化社会信任环境系统。     

A million answers to twenty questions: Choosing by checklist

Several decision models in marketing science and psychology assume that a consumer chooses by proceeding sequentially through a checklist of desirable properties. These models are contrasted to the utility maximization model of rationality in economics. We show on the contrary that the two approaches are nearly equivalent. Since the number of preference discriminations that an agent can make increases exponentially in the number of properties used, checklists provide a rapid procedural basis for utility maximization.     

Can people learn rational expectations?

In this note the stability of the rational expectations equilibrium for the Foster and Frierman (1990) version of the Blume and Easley (1982) model is investigated under the assumption that the learning mechanism used by economic agents is based on a selection mechanism on a class of competing models having a physical meaning for the agent and not on the interpolation of models having no clear physical meaning, as it is often the case in the literature on learning rational expectations. It is found that, under the standard assumption that the rational expectations model is in the information set of the uninformed trader no matter his degree of rationality, convergence to it is less likely the higher the uninformed agent's degree of rationality, in a sense to be specified in the paper. Some comments on the result are also provided.     

PRICE‐LEVEL DETERMINATION UNDER DISPERSED INFORMATION AND MONETARY POLICY*

This paper considers the determination of aggregate price level under dispersed information. A Central Bank sets policy in response to its noisy measure of the price level, and each agent makes its decisions by observing a subset of data. Information revealed to the agents and the bank is determined endogenously. It is shown that the aggregate state of the economy is not revealed perfectly to anybody but this economy behaves as if it is a representative‐agent economy in which the representative agent has perfect information while the Bank has partial information. The Bank's information set affects fluctuations in the price level through its effect on policy.     

The Market for Quacks

A group of n "quacks" plays a price-competition game, facing a continuum of "patients" who recover with probability α , whether they acquire a quack's "treatment". If patients chose rationally, the market would be inactive. I assume, however, that patients choose according to a boundedly rational procedure, which reflects "anecdotal" reasoning. This element of bounded rationality has significant implications. The market for quacks is active, and patients suffer a welfare loss which behaves non-monotonically w.r.t. n and α . In an extended model that endogenizes the quacks' choice of "treatments", the quacks minimize the force of price competition by offering maximally differentiated treatments. The patients' welfare loss is robust to market interventions, which would crowd out low-quality firms in standard models. Thus, as long as the patients' quality of reasoning is not lifted above the anecdotal level, ordinary competition policies may be ineffective.     

Preference shocks from aggregation: time series data evidence

Abstract.  We investigate the impact of preference shocks on the aggregate dynamics of the U.S. economy in the context of a neoclassical growth model derived from aggregation. The aggregation result we use is as follows: if markets are complete and if agents have identical preferences of the addilog type, then the heterogeneous‐agent economy where agents are subject to idiosyncratic productivity shocks behaves as if there was a representative consumer who faces shocks to preferences and technology. We estimate the parameters in the aggregation‐based model from the aggregate time‐series data and compute the numerical solution. We find that the preference shocks play an important role in the aggregate labour‐market fluctuations. JEL classification: C73, D90, E21     

Exponential discounting bias

We address intertemporal utility maximization under a general discount function that nests the exponential discounting and the quasi-hyperbolic discounting cases as particular specifications. Under the suggested framework, the representative agent adopts, at some initial date, an optimal behavior that shapes her consumption trajectory over time. This agent desires to take a constant discount rate to approach the optimization problem, but bounded rationality, under the form of a present bias, deviates the individual from the intended goal. As a result, decreasing impatience will end up dominating the agent’s behavior. The individual will not be aware of her own time inconsistency and, therefore, she will not revise her plans as time elapses, what makes the problem relatively simple to address from a computational point of view. The general discounting framework is used to approach a standard optimal growth model in discrete time. Transitional dynamics and stability properties of the corresponding dynamic setup are studied. An extension of the standard utility maximization model to the case of habit persistence is also considered.