An analysis for the competitive strength of Asian major airports

This paper presents an analysis of the competitive status of major airports in the East Asia region. The analysis assesses these airports based on five factors: service, demand, managerial, facility, and spatial qualities. In order to analyze the competitive status of the selected airports, this study has applied a multi-decision criteria approach and is based on a comparison of qualitative data. The competitive status of each airport can be categorized as one of the following levels: most, more, less, or least competitive.     

Germany’s changing airport infrastructure: the prospects for ‘newcomer’ airports attempting market entry

Despite fluctuations for economic or political reasons, the number of passengers and volume of cargo carried by air is growing quickly, leading to a shortage of airport capacity in some European regions with few slots available at some hubs. This problem has accelerated the trend towards an increase in airport capacity for larger aircraft everywhere, a process which started in the UK and is now continuing throughout Europe, especially in Germany. Apart from development at the hubs, however, many small airports have also been enlarged, former military airbases have been converted to civilian use, and new runways are to be built in areas away from centres of population. These changes have occurred within a short period of time. In Germany, the number of available airports with runways over 1800 m will have doubled in a period of 10–15 years.     

Determinants of flight delays at East Asian airports from an airport,route and network perspective

Previous studies on determinants of flight delays have been limited to the attributes of departure and arrival airports and routes and experiences in North America and Europe. This research extends the existing discussions by considering a network perspective to explore East Asian airports. A total of 4611 routes among 318 airports in the second half of 2017 are analyzed using panel data regressions. Results show that the attributes of airports and routes linked with the departure and arrival airports of a flight are the essential determinants of flight delays in East Asia. However, the congestion internalization and hubness effect of departure and arrival airports suggested in previous research are not observed in this region. The associations of slot control levels and route attributes with delays are varying between airports inside and outside China and domestic and international routes. This research supplements a new perspective to understand the determinants of flight delays in existing literature and provides a rarely observed knowledge to encourage East Asian airport operators and carriers developing management strategies for minimizing flight delays.     

Liberalization and changing spatial configurations in Nigeria’s domestic air transport network

In realization of the increasingly important role played by air transport, the Nigerian government followed the global trend of deregulation in reforming its domestic airline industry in 1985. Some of the effects of deregulation have been consistent with observed trends in other countries but others have been quite different. The abandonment of less profitable routes in the short term as well as the unfolding core-periphery structures following the emergence and dominance of certain core control centers replicates what obtained in the United States. However, evidence from literature suggesting that liberalization in practice has often resulted in the rising concentration of connectivity in a limited number of nodes and links rather than in its dispersal over the network at large does not hold yet in Nigeria’s domestic air network. This paper shows that the shifting balance between concentration and dispersal in Nigeria’s domestic network is generally skewed towards dispersal. Passenger traffic is more dispersed among nodes as gleaned from diminishing standard deviation values with increasing number of nodes. Generally speaking, overall connectivity also tends towards more evenness in the network since deregulation.     

Japanese-airport benchmarking with the DEA and endogenous-weight TFP methods: testing the criticism of overinvestment in Japanese regional airports

As aviation demand increased constantly along with the rapid economic growth in Japan and surrounding East Asian countries over the last several decades, Japanese government promoted airport construction since 1950s. However, the recent change in the economic background has made rise to a criticism toward the inefficient public investment, especially the transportation infrastructure. In this criticism, it has been argued that some of the small regional airports are indeed suffering the issue of overinvestment. Thus this paper attempts to verify the validity of such criticism by statistically measuring the efficiency of Japanese airports and conducting comparative analysis. For this objective, the paper employs two distinct methods namely data-envelopment analysis and endogenous-weight TFP methods. The results from these methods consistently indicates that the efficiency of regional airports in mainland Japan are lower than others, and that those airports constructed in the 1990s are relatively inefficient.     

Evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of international airports using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index

For the most part, airports are publicly or semi-publicly owned and operated with fixed assets. As such, airports have been often considered little more than infrastructure providers for airlines. However, as airports have begun to offer a variety of ancillary services including passenger transfers, re-fueling, parking, and shopping, they no longer play second fiddle to airlines. To come into their own, a growing number of airports realized their need to develop competitive strategies that can attract more air traffic and generate greater revenue. Such strategies start with the assessment of their competitiveness in terms of operating efficiencies relative to others. To help airport authorities identify major drivers for enhancing the airport operational efficiency and the subsequent competitiveness, this paper evaluates the comparative efficiencies of international airports for a multi-year period (2006–2011) using data envelopment analysis intended for dynamic benchmarking and Malmquist productivity index built on time-series analysis. Our study indicates that the productivity of an airport was influenced by exogenous factors such as shifts in government policies and technological advances rather than endogenous factors driven by improvements in managerial practices.     

A complex network approach towards modeling and analysis of the Australian Airport Network

An airport network forms the backbone of any air transportation system. The relationships among the origins and destinations of flights result in a complex network of routes which can be complemented with information associated with the routes themselves, for instance, traffic load and distance. In this paper, we modeled the Australia's civil domestic airport infrastructure as a network and analyzed the resulting network structure and its features using complex network tool. This case study identifies and investigates complex network measures, such as the degree distribution, characteristics path length, clustering coefficient and centrality measure as well as the correlations among them to understand the topology of an airport network. This analysis of the Australian Airport Network (AAN) indicates that it has a cumulative degree distribution described by the power-law function. As it has an average path length of 2.90, it is considered to have small-world properties. It is also found that it has a clustering coefficient of 0.50 which is higher than that of a random network of the same size which indicates that the transitivity and cohesiveness of AAN is different from a random network. In contrast to the World-wide Airport Network (WAN), the AAN is found to have disassortative mixing similar to the airport networks of China and India.     

Are outsourcing and non-aeronautical revenues important drivers in the efficiency of Spanish airports?

This paper evaluates the influence of contracting out, or outsourcing, certain airport services and of commercial diversification strategy. Although most of the effort is being put towards applying non-parametric techniques in airport efficiency studies, we have chosen parametric methodology. We use a distance function, as it has known advantages. The findings show the positive contribution of outsourcing and non-aeronautical revenues on the efficiency of the Spanish airports' network.     

The geography of the Spanish airport system: spatial concentration and deconcentration patterns in seat capacity distribution, 2001-2008

This paper analyzes the geography of seat capacity at Spanish airports between 2001 and 2008. Concentration and deconcentration patterns for different markets have been identified. For this purpose, we use the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Concentration Ratio (CR) and the Lorenz curve. From our analysis, we conclude that seat capacity follows a deconcentration pattern due to the growth of low-cost carriers at small- and medium-sized Spanish airports. This is in line with earlier studies for Europe as a whole. Intercontinental seat capacity still remains very much concentrated in Madrid and, to a lesser extent, in Barcelona. However, new strategies by long-haul airlines bypassing the primary European hubs foster the deconcentration of seat capacity in the Asian and North American markets. In the case of Spain, the recent liberalization of the EU-US market may become an important enabler of such network strategies, e.g., Delta has operated a route from Valencia to New York-JFK since 2009. In other intercontinental markets, capacity is more and more concentrated in Madrid. We highlight the restructuring of Iberia’s network as an important factor behind the increasing dominance of Madrid in intercontinental markets.     

Evolution of the European network and implications for self-connection

Self-connection has become an appealing alternative for passengers in the European air transportation market, along with the remarkable growth of the low-cost carriers (LCCs) network over the last decade. As the development of self-connectivity is not directly designed in airports and airlines' growth strategies, this study aims to deeply understand the evolution of self-connectivity options in the intra-European market over time. By implementing a quickest travel time approach, we analyse the number of quickest connections and the share of indirect quickest paths that remained un-managed in years 2006 and 2016. Results document that, overall, travelling in Europe has become faster (−5.7 min of weighted average), while European airports' coverage, that is, airport pairs that can be directly or indirectly connected, decreased from 65% to 53%. The strong increase in LCCs' seat capacity (74%) did not translate into a similar growth of indirect connections options. Due to LCCs' offer redistribution and traditional carriers' partial retreatment from the European market to concentrate on intercontinental destinations, 1-transfer managed or un-managed options available to passengers in Europe dropped by 9.5%, and the share of 1-transfer quickest paths achievable by self-connecting flights increased by only 3pp, from 66% in 2006 to 69% in 2016.     

Istanbul Airport (IGA) and quest of best competitive strategy for air cargo carriers in new competition environment: A fuzzy multi-criteria approach

Our paper determines the best competitive strategy that can be implemented by existing and potential air cargo carriers in the Turkish Air Cargo Industry with the operationalization of Istanbul Airport (IGA) and reveals the competitiveness level of the industry for four bases. We look at the competitiveness levels by analyzing the competitive environment of the industry nationally and internationally both before and post IGA (estimated). We use fuzzy TOPSIS (FTOPSIS) based on the Fuzzy AHP (FAHP) to handle vagueness, which is inherent in the nature of new competition conditions integrating the framework of Porter's five forces analysis. In our study, we use the five forces as our main criteria (with a total of 19 sub-criteria) and the competitive strategies as our alternatives. Our results reveal that the cost-focused strategy is the best competitive strategy that can be implemented by existing and potential carriers in the industry. Another significant result underscores the fact that IGA increases the competitiveness level of the Turkish Air Cargo Industry both nationally and internationally to a fairly high level. Also, the threat of potential competitors is first among the five forces in the industry's new conditions. Our study fills the gap in the literature on the effects of major structural changes in an air cargo industry on the competition among carriers.     

Exploring the network structure and nodal centrality of China’s air transport network: A complex network approach

This paper uses a complex network approach to examine the network structure and nodal centrality of individual cities in the air transport network of China (ATNC). Measures for overall network structure include degree distribution, average path length and clustering coefficient. Centrality metrics for individual cities are degree, closeness and betweenness, representing a node’s location advantage as being directly connected to others, being accessible to others, and being the intermediary between others, respectively. Results indicate that the ATNC has a cumulative degree distribution captured by an exponential function, and displays some small-world (SW) network properties with an average path length of 2.23 and a clustering coefficient of 0.69. All three centrality indices are highly correlated with socio-economic indicators of cities such as air passenger volume, population, and gross regional domestic product (GRDP). This confirms that centrality captures a crucial aspect of location advantage in the ATNC and has important implications in shaping the spatial pattern of economic activities. Most small and low-degree airports are directly connected to the largest cities with the best centrality and bypass their regional centers, and therefore sub-networks in the ATNC are less developed except for Kunming in the southwest and Urumchi in the northwest because of their strategic locations for geographic and political reasons. The ANTC is relatively young, and not as efficient and well-developed as that of the US.     

The development of Manchester Airport, 1938–1978: central government subsidy and local authority management

This paper assesses the historical impact of central government policy on the planning and ownership of UK airports with particular reference to development at Ringway, Manchester. We argue that during a crucial period in the creation of airport infrastructure, central government policy proved equivocal. This meant that it was left to the municipal owners to undertake investment if the airport was to grow. The only significant state support was the provision of grant aid when government generally rejected the principle of subsidised airport operations. The local authority displayed considerable initiative, and the result was the nurturing of an international gateway.     

Kingdon’s multiple streams model and automobile dependence reversal path: the case of Curitiba, Brazil

This paper draws on Kingdon’s multiple streams model of problems, policies and politics to explain the process of automobile dependence reversal path in urban transport planning in Curitiba, Brazil. What significantly contributed to the automobile dependence reversal path was a diverse coalition of actors who mobilized capabilities and structures to exploit policy windows at different periods of time and even tried to trigger policy windows within the milieu of problems, policies and politics of Curitiba to implement policies on public and non-motorized transport. The Curitiba experience shows that addressing the embedded problem of automobile dependence sometimes requires innovative and strategic responses within the intricate political, policy and urban planning dynamics of a city.     

做大做强客货运输核心业务增强铁路运输企业市场竞争力

做大做强铁路客货运输核心业务,是新形势下转变铁路发展方式的客观需要,也是促进铁路运输企业可持续发展的必然要求。结合郑州铁路局实际。探讨如何通过提升运输效益、提升运输效率和提升服务质量,做大做强客货运输核心业务,增强铁路运输企业市场竞争力。