The multi-class, multi-criterion traffic equilibrium and the efficiency of congestion pricing

We consider the effect of the so-called second-best tolls on the price of anarchy of the traffic equilibrium problem where there are multiple classes of users with a discrete set of values of time. We derive several bounds of the price of anarchy for this problem when the tolls are considered and not considered as part of the system cost, with the time-based criterion and the cost-based criterion, respectively. All the bounds give us useful information on the effect of the tolls, which can be used to design network toll schemes.     

Hierarchical system of road networks with inward, outward, and through traffic

This paper formulates a continuous model of a grid road network for determining the optimal hierarchical system of road networks. The hierarchical system is represented as the proportions of area taken up by roads at each level of the hierarchy. The objective is to derive the optimal ratio of road areas that minimizes the total travel time. The model explicitly incorporates inward, outward, and through traffic as well as inner traffic to examine how traffic composition affects the optimal ratio of road areas. The result reveals that the optimal ratio of major arterial roads increases with inward, outward and through traffic.     

The effects of corporate governance on airline performance: Production and marketing efficiency perspectives

This study explores the relationship between operating performance and corporate governance in 30 airline companies operating in the US. First, this study applies a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the production efficiency and marketing efficiency of the airlines. Our findings indicate that, in general, there is not as much dispersion in the relative productive efficiencies of the airlines as there is in their marketing efficiencies. The low-cost airlines, on average, are more efficient carriers than the full-service ones, but less efficient marketers. Secondly, truncated regression is used to explore whether the characteristics of corporate governance affect airline performance. The results demonstrate that corporate governance influences firm performance significantly. Finally, we address the managerial decision-making matrix and make suggestions to help airline managers improve performance.     

考虑货物到达与列车出发时间接续的货物列车编成辆数研究

铁路货物列车适当欠轴发车能够加速货车周转,保障货物运到时限。阐述货物到达情况与列车图定发车时刻间的接续关系,以铁路运输企业经济效益最大化为目标,建立基于接续时间的货物列车编成辆数波动模型,利用软件对算例进行列车编成辆数波动下的货物列车配流,同时分析最大、最小编成辆数与技术作业时间波动率对发送货车数量和货物运输收益的影响。结果表明,货物到达与列车编组的接续时间关系会直接影响列车编成辆数和货物列车配流方案的确定,发送货车数量和货物运输收益依不同的最大、最小编成辆数和技术作业时间波动率而有所变化。     

The cost of relying on the wrong power—road wear and the importance of the fourth power rule (TP446)

This paper investigates the effect on road wear and deformation of alternatives to the Fourth Power Law in a computable general equilibrium model of Sweden. The alternatives considered are the first through fifth powers, and the results indicate that the results are similar in all cases but when the first power is employed. This follows from the fact that designing the charge according to the first power amounts to a weight-distance charge rather than an axle-weight-distance. The paper also investigates the cost of designing a charge according to the wrong power, i.e. not according to the true relationship between road wear and road use. The results indicate that the cost of choosing the wrong power is relatively small, but slightly higher in the case of the first power. Indeed, there are several implicit costs that seem to have to be taken into account when implementing a charge according to the former power, i.e. a weight-distance charge.     

The impact of air policy on incoming tourist traffic: the contrasting cases of the Caribbean Community and the Middle-East

It is generally agreed that government ownership and participation in national carriers and regulated air service agreements can lead to inefficiencies and abuses of market power. This can result in poor carrier performance and service levels, impeding further growth in tourism markets. This paper contrasts this theory with recent case evidence from the Caribbean and the Middle-East. The former represents the mature exotic type beach holiday while the latter is a fast developing religious, cultural and multi-product form of tourism. In both cases multi-step relationships exist between the development of air transport policy and the number of incoming visitors. The strength and significance of these interrelationships are tested using two separate best-fit Structural Equation Models (SEMs) based on a panel data set of a selection of endogenous and exogenous variables for the period 2000-2007. It is found that, despite both regions’ continued government participation in national carriers, only in the Caribbean has this appeared to have resulted in the expected dampening effect on tourism output, whereas a reverse effect was found for the sample of Middle-Eastern states. Focussing on their formidable hub-and-spoke networks, state owned and vertically integrated Middle-Eastern carriers are still encouraged to offer competitive fare and service levels to capture 6th freedom traffic with the growing number of long-stay visitors being one of the main beneficiaries of this.     

The trilogy of distance, speed and time

Over the recent past there has been a dramatic increase in travel, mainly driven by the desire to move faster and over ever greater distances. This growth is unsustainable, and the continued growth in levels of mobility needs to be reassessed through substantially reducing the levels of consumption (energy and carbon) in transport. This means that travel activities should be based on shorter distances and slower speeds, with a more flexible interpretation of time constraints. Transport geographers should have a strong and instrumental role to play in this debate. This paper outlines the changing patterns of movement, before concentrating on urban areas where most daily travel takes place, and it examines the trilogy of distance, speed and time. The focus of the paper is on distance, and the role that land use planning and development, and technology can play in encouraging new forms of travel in cities, but there are strong implications on the ways in which speed and time are conceptualised. The conventional transport paradigm is heavily embedded in the belief that travel time needs to be minimised and consequently speeds need to be increased. The resulting impacts on travel distances have not been part of that debate, but reducing travel distances is central to sustainable transport.     

中西方古代法观念的差异及其文化解析

中西方古代法观念在法的本体、法的状况、法的价值、政体形式、治国方略等方面存在着很大的差异。这些差异在很大程度上是由不同的文化选择造成的，不同的生产方式和生活方式所决定的不同文化土壤培养出了不同的法观念。     

割盗铁路线材案件的特点及侦查对策

割盗铁路线材案件的特点：（一）作案前有预谋踩点；（二）作案成员的复杂性；（三）现场留有相关痕迹物证；（四）作案的连续性；（五）销赃渠道的单一性。割盗铁路线材案件的侦查对策：（一）与铁路电务部门相配合，制定快速出击的预备方案；（二）认真细致地勘查现场，发现、收集现场痕迹物证；（三）科学的分析案情，准确刻画犯罪嫌疑人，为下一步侦查工作打下良好基础；（四）认真研究此类案件规律，蹲坑守侯抓获现行犯罪嫌疑人；（五）加强阵地控制，通过控制销赃查获犯罪嫌疑人。     

加快转变发展方式切实落实主体责任坚定不移地推动路局实现科学发展

探讨如何深入学习贯彻胡锦涛总书记针对铁路工作重要指示精神,提出围绕科学发展主题和加快转变铁路发展方式主线,切实落实企业主体责任,加快转变铁路发展方式,不断提高发展质量和效益,实现铁路又好又快发展。     

轨道交通隧道施工监控量测及其对地表沉降的监测

施工监控量测作为一道工序应用于施工组织中,对于涉及大量基坑开挖、暗挖的城市轨道交通项目有重要的实践意义。以城市轨道交通中某车站为例,论述施工监控量测项目内容和工作流程,以及利用监控量测技术手段收集数据,确定控制地表沉降的施工措施。     

贯彻实施"一主两翼"运输战略深入开展华东二通道安全优质高效文明达标线创建活动

分析开展华东二通道安全优质高效文明达标线创建的意义,结合二通道设备、管理等方面存在的问题,探讨如何推进华东二通道创建工作.     

The economic importance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore: An extreme-scenario analysis

This paper proposes a decision tree model to estimate the loss to global economy on the hypothesis of an extreme scenario of blockade of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. The insurance surcharges, inventory costs and the time values of cargoes, and Time Charter Equivalent rate are used to estimate the psychological loss, the loss to industries, and the loss to carriers, respectively. Interestingly, there is a pseudo-paradoxical phenomenon with respect to the loss to carriers. An illustrative example is also provided to explain the “Malacca Paradox”.     

The joint replenishment and delivery scheduling of the one-warehouse, n-retailer system

We deal with the joint replenishment and delivery scheduling of the one-warehouse, n-retailer system in this paper. We suggest a more flexible policy for the joint replenishment and delivery scheduling of a warehouse compared with the existing researches. We introduce the mathematical model and two efficient algorithms for the joint replenishment and delivery scheduling of the warehouse. Subsequently, we develop the hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and compare it with two efficient heuristic algorithms for extensive computational experiments. Further, we show the advantages of our GA in dealing easily with resource restrictions.     

The People's Republic of China and the United States of America: Economy,Trade and Tourism

On 5 February 1999, His Excellency Li Zhaoxing, Chinese Ambassador to the United States, took part in an international forum at Florida Gulf Coast University, FortMyers, Florida. The purpose of the forum was to explore the opportunities and challenges facing business and government as we grow ever closer to a true global economy. This excerpt from the event focuses on the expanding relationship between the People's Republic of China and the United States, particularly as it relates to travel, tourism, and the current economic state of the People's Republic of China, and includes a discussion of the impact of technology on global relationships. Participants on the panel included Dr Howard Chan, formerly of Tsinghua University, Beijing; Mr Larry Simms of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher; Dr Richard Pegnetter, Dean of FGCU College of Business; Mr Henry Clements, Jr, president of Clements Citrus Sales, Inc.; and Mr Mark Teagan of Enterprise Florida.     

The restructuring of winter sports resorts in the French Alps: problems,processes and policies

In the French Alps the last decade has been dominated by efforts to regenerate winter sports resorts. This follows an extended period of rapid growth, resulting in the demographic and economic revival of many alpine communities. However, flaws in the process of development were exposed in the late 1980s. Given the huge scale of investment in tourist facilities and the numerous livelihoods dependent on winter sports, restructuring became vital. The present paper analyses the causes of recent problems and evaluates related remedial policies, showing how implementing change can be complicated by the numerous actors involved and their frequently divergent strategies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of deregulation, changed customer requirements and new technology on the organisation and spatial patterns of the air freight sector in Europe

Customer requirements, new technologies and the deregulation and liberalisation measures of the last 15 years have had a significant influence on market structures in air freight transport in Europe. The study examines the sector using the concept of global production networks. It describes the reorganisation in various dimensions. Firstly, there is the development from single air freight forwarders to global networks of firms. Secondly, we find a reorganisation of inter-company relations. Thirdly, airlines around the world organise their air traffic as a hub system. This lends added importance to the selected hub airport, and puts pressure on them to enlarge. As spatial consequences there is greater competition among international airports.     

铁路运输企业主辅分离理论问题及相关分析模型研究

在系统介绍主辅分离的定义、内涵等相关理论及现阶段主输分离改革的创新与突破的基础上,提出了主辅分离时机成熟的表述式,并通过建立关联/效益模型对辅业进行了4个象限的分类,同时论述了主辅分类的相应措施。     

The growth of literary places in ancient town tourism destinations: based on the theories of Bourdieu,Danto and Dickie

Literary literature and tourism are closely connected, but the research on that connection is limited. Literary tourism spots are no longer just the places where historical accidents happened or were sites of a writer's birth or death, they can be any other places which have actual or even imaged linkages with the authors or their works. Based on Bourdieu's 1992 field theory and the ‘Artworld’ described by Danto [1964. The artworld. The Journal of Philosophy, 61, 571–584] and Dickie [1974. Art and the aesthetic: An institutional analysis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1984. The art circle: A theory of art. New York, NY: Haven], this study proposes an analytical framework comprising the atmosphere, activities and agents of art field development in order to understand the formation of a literary tourism product. San Mao teahouse in Zhouzhuang, China is used as an example. On-site observations, interviews and secondary data were collected for this study. The study finds that San Mao Teahouse as a literary venue is the result of the interaction of the literary field of San Mao and the tourism field of the historical town of Zhouzhuang. In the early stage of development, the owner and manager of San Mao Teahouse played the role of producer and marketer, and later on, tourists took more active roles by writing more literary works and promoting the site on websites based on their faith in San Mao, her work and the place. The research also finds that literary tourism is not a conventional art product, but a special experience of literature in the tourism world. Overall, the research contributes to the current knowledge by presenting a new case of formation of literary venues in tourist spots, introducing a new analytical framework and also facilitating the understanding of cultural change in tourist destinations.     

The geography of the Spanish airport system: spatial concentration and deconcentration patterns in seat capacity distribution, 2001-2008

This paper analyzes the geography of seat capacity at Spanish airports between 2001 and 2008. Concentration and deconcentration patterns for different markets have been identified. For this purpose, we use the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Concentration Ratio (CR) and the Lorenz curve. From our analysis, we conclude that seat capacity follows a deconcentration pattern due to the growth of low-cost carriers at small- and medium-sized Spanish airports. This is in line with earlier studies for Europe as a whole. Intercontinental seat capacity still remains very much concentrated in Madrid and, to a lesser extent, in Barcelona. However, new strategies by long-haul airlines bypassing the primary European hubs foster the deconcentration of seat capacity in the Asian and North American markets. In the case of Spain, the recent liberalization of the EU-US market may become an important enabler of such network strategies, e.g., Delta has operated a route from Valencia to New York-JFK since 2009. In other intercontinental markets, capacity is more and more concentrated in Madrid. We highlight the restructuring of Iberia’s network as an important factor behind the increasing dominance of Madrid in intercontinental markets.