Trade and growth: The Nigerian experience

This paper analyses the impact of trade on Nigeria's economic growth. Using a two-gap model, it estimates the relationships between exports, foreign capital and economic growth. The paper also provides an assessment of the relative influence of Nigeria's two main types of export (agricultural produce and petroleum) on economic growth. The results of the analysis provide empirical support for the hypothesis that trade has been an important engine of growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends, as part of Nigeria's strategy for achieving rapid economic development, the vigorous pursuit of an export promotion policy.     

贸易模式结构变化与我国经济增长

本文主要是分析贸易模式结构的变化,即中国产业内贸易变化趋势对中国经济增长的促进作用,通过分析产业内贸易促进经济增长的机制,以及相关的数据实证分析得出结论,并提出政策上的建议。     

Trade liberalization and productivity growth in Australian manufacturing industries

Although there has been a revival of interest in the trade-growth nexus, the impact of trade liberalization on productivity gains remains empirical, given the ambiguity in the literature on this issue. This paper examines the case for Australia using annual data of eight two-digit manufacturing industries from 1968–69 to 1994–95. Unlike earlier studies, total factor productivity growth is first decomposed into technological progress and gains in technical efficiency, and the effect of trade liberalization is then investigated separately on TFP growth, as well as on each of the components of TFP growth. The empirical finding that trade liberalization has a positive and significant effect on technological progress, but no significant effect on gains in technical efficiency, adds yet another dimension to the evaluation of trade liberalization policies.     

Trade policies,imperfect competition,and endogenous growth

Summary This paper analyses the effects of trade policies in a general equilibrium two-conutry model with imperfect competition. This model generalizes the models of monopolistic and Cournot competition. Trade is shown to be welfare-increasing in the monopolistic completition model. The same holds true in the case of endogenous growth. In the model of Coumot competition, the welfare effects of trade policies depend upon the type of entry and exit. Indeed, it is possible for two countries to increase their welfare by pursuing a coordinated policy of protection. In an endogenous growth setting, the validity of the latter finding depends upon the consumer rate of time preference.At the time of writing, the author was affiliated with the Ministry of Economic Affairs. An earlier version of this paper was presetned at the ECOZOEK-day, June 11, 1993, Tilburg and was awarded theKVS-prize 1993 of the Royal Netherlands Economic Association. The author would like to thank an anonymous referre, P.A.G. van Bergeijk, R.A.de Mooij, A. Nieuwenhuis, F. van der Ploeg, J. van Sinderen, S. Smulders, and P.M. Waasdorp for useful comments. The views expressed in this paper are strictly presonal.     

Trade policies and growth in emerging economies: policy experiments

This paper analyzes a dynamic endogenous growth model to quantify the channels through which international trade affects longer-term growth of an emerging economy, with an emphasis on the role played by trade policies. In the model, trade can promote (i) labor migration from agricultural to non-agricultural sectors and (ii) the inflow of foreign knowledge to enhance productivity in non-agricultural sector. The model is estimated to match with the data from selected advanced and emerging economies. Policy experiments suggest that openness to trade and elimination of trade barriers would raise annual real GDP growth by up to three percentage points for decades.

     

Trade,efficiency, and growth in a cross section of countries

Trade, Efficiency and Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. —Some cross-country studies of the determinants of growth suggest only a modest role for trade policy. This study, measuring trade openness by the rate of growth of the share of exports in GDP, argues that once the possibility of outliers for trade share growth is considered, a close relationship between exports and growth emerges that works mainly through improved efficiency. This relationship proves to be robust to the inclusion of a set of commonly used right-side variables as well as the corresponding import variable.     

Trade Costs and Intra-Industry Trade

Formal economic modeling of intra-industry trade ignores transportation or, more broadly, trade costs. Yet, as Anderson and van Wincoop (2004) suggest, trade costs are quite large. This paper extends work by Bergstrand (1990) that addressed intra-industry trade in the explicit presence of trade costs. In the context of a Helpman–Krugman-cum-trade-costs model, we derive four empirically testable hypotheses regarding intra-industry trade and trade costs. These hypotheses are investigated empirically using a cross-section of bilateral OECD Grubel–Lloyd indexes. The results are strongly in accordance with the hypotheses, indicating the importance of a more rigorous and systematic treatment of trade costs in the intra-industry trade literature. JEL no. F14, F15     

贸易自由化与贸易保护

<正>一、贸易自由化的概念贸易自由化—国对外国商品和服务的进口所采取的限制性逐步减少,为进口商品提供贸易便利的过程或结果。它表现为进口关税率从比较高的水平逐步调到比较低的水平。同时表现为非关税壁垒或关税以外贸易障碍的逐步减少或消除。从     

产业内贸易理论与中美贸易关系

在过去半个世纪里,国际贸易(进口与出口)量占产出比率的急剧上升,已成为我们这个时代经济全球化的最显著的特征之一。Feenstra(1998)指出,1970年至1990年的20年里,在美国与经济合作发展组织(OECD)国家,国际贸易占G DP的比重都翻了一番。这意味着贸易的增长速度远远超过全世界G DP的增长速度。国际贸易在过去50年中的迅速增长,对标准的国际贸易理论提出了严峻的挑战。按标准的理论,贸易在全世界范围内的扩张主要是关税壁垒降低的结果。但正如K ei-M u Y(i2003)所指出的,这种传统的解释无法说明两个事实:第一,从上世纪60年代至世纪之交…     

中日贸易差额分歧与中日贸易摩擦

虽然被表面化为贸易差额上的分歧，但这并无法掩盖中日贸易中所存在的深层次问题。随着彼此对于对方都更加重要，频繁的贸易摩擦给双方带来的影响无疑也将越来越严重。中日应该尽早寻求有效的解决出路，包括统一统计方法和口径、建立预警机制以及建立自由贸易区等区域一体化组织。     

产品内分工与中美结构性贸易顺差

持续的中美贸易顺差源于多方面的因素,其中很重要的一个原因是美国和东亚诸国的产业升级以及对华产业转移,特别是劳动密集型加工环节的转移所导致的产品内分工和产品内贸易。本文实证分析表明,产品内贸易与中美贸易顺差存在长期的协整关系,是产生中美之间结构性贸易顺差的根源。     

进出口贸易弹性与中国贸易方式结构调整——基于加工贸易与一般贸易比较视角

本文从微观需求理论出发,构建中国进出口需求的非结构化向量自回归(VAR)模型,运用1995年1月至2008年8月进出口分贸易方式数据对我国加工贸易和一般贸易进出口的价格弹性和收入弹性进行估计检验与分析。结果表明:与传统理论结论不同,加工贸易进口的世界收入弹性为负,而加工贸易出口需求的价格弹性为正;一般贸易进口的国内收入弹性为正的同时一般贸易出口的价格弹性也为正;人民币升值不会导致加工贸易和一般贸易净出口减少,世界收入波动时加工贸易具有更强的稳定特征。     

全球纺织品贸易自由化与中国纺织业的贸易能力建设

2005年全球纺织品贸易实现自由化并不意味着中国从此可以自由地出口纺织服装产品,而是对中国纺织服装行业的能力建设提出了更高的要求。本文从近年国际组织对发展中国家实施的贸易能力建设入手,分析了中国纺织服装业能力建设的新进展,并对中国纺织服装业的能力建设作了展望。     

贸易保护、技术进步与经济增长：—对两段历史经验的比较

19世纪下半叶欧美国家和20世纪下半叶东亚国家（地区）的历史经验都显示,关税（及非关税）保护相对较高的时期经济增长较快,而保护较低的时期经济增长反而较慢。理论显示：贸易与增长并没有必然的因果关系,贸易对增长的作用主要取决于它是否有利于技术进步,从经济增长的不同阶段来看,在发展较落后的阶段,一定的保护将有利于一国获得先进的技术,从而加快其增长;而当一国进行先进国家行列后,技术进步主要依靠自主创新,这时较高的关税等保护将不利于其经济增长。     

《服务贸易总协定》及其对中国贸易的影响

我国已成为WTO成员国，因此必须遵守WTO所有规则，特别是要遵守《服务贸易总协定》，为我国服务业发展服务，解读和掌握这一协定的基本知识、规则，就显得极其重要和必要。     

Trade Costs,Trade Balances and Current Accounts: An Application of Gravity to Multilateral Trade

In this paper we test the well-known hypothesis of Obstfeld and Rogoff (NBER Macroeconomics Annual 7777:339–390, 2000) that trade costs are the key to explaining the so-called Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. Our approach has a number of novel features. First, we focus on the interrelationship between trade costs, the trade account and the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. Second, we use the gravity model to estimate the effect of trade costs on bilateral trade and, third, we show how bilateral trade can be used to draw inferences about desired trade balances and desired intertemporal trade. Our econometric results provide strong support for the Obstfeld and Rogoff hypothesis and we are also able to reconcile our results with the so-called home bias puzzle.

贸易摩擦、贸易壁垒与中国对外直接投资研究

本文利用中国与90个国家之间的面板数据,对贸易壁垒与对外直接投资进行实证分析后表明,贸易壁垒对中国对外直接投资具有两种效应:一是空间效应,即对中国实施贸易壁垒的国家较未实施的国家会显著引发中国对该国的对外直接投资;二是时间效应,贸易壁垒实施5～7年后将显著诱发中国对外直接投资。     

1986 招商引资

水流洼地以成江河。随着市场、原材料、劳动力等资源的国际化,资本如流水一般不可避免地从一个地区流向另一个地区,以寻求更有效的资源配置,获得更好的回报。为了引进外     

Trade and Labor Standards

The purpose of our paper is to explore the different views of the issues of international labor standards and to explore the available options for addressing these issues. We conclude that: (1) there is no convincing case on theoretical or empirical grounds for incorporating labor standards into the WTO and into U.S. trade agreements; (2) the surest way to improve labor standards is for the United States and other industrialized countries to maintain open markets and to encourage the economic growth of their developing country trading partners; and (3) steps should be taken to support the activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to provide inducements and technical assistance to help developing countries raise their labor standards.