Black business ownership in the rural south

The relatively low business ownership rate among blacks nationwide (12.5 per 1,000 people) is even lower in the rural South (8.8 per 1,000). This study uses Census Bureau data to document the level of business ownership among blacks in the rural South and to explore a number of hypotheses regarding the low level of business ownership among rural blacks and the variation from state to state. The size of the black population in the rural areas of a state is negatively correlated with the rural black business ownership rate in the state, while the education level, income level and homeownership level of blacks in rural areas of a state is positively correlated with the rural black business ownership rate. However, it appears that statewide economic conditions may be more closely related to the level of rural black business ownership than are characteristics of rural blacks.     

Black political power and the decline of black land ownership

Conclusion The absence of a viable equity base has been costly to the black community both economically and politically. Black dependency on white economic support has served to rob the black community of its autonomous decision-making potential. Further, without the advantage of a steady income and personal property in which they can take pride, many povertystricken Blacks have been unable to develop a serious interest in political activity. At the same time, black organizational efforts—both political and economic—have been crippled by the lack of a sufficient equity base to keep them independently viable.     

西周领主土地所有权方面所见之伦理经济观念蠡测

揭示反映在西周领主土地所有权方面的伦理经济观念 ,是研究西周领主土地所有形态 ,把握西周伦理政治结构、伦理国家形态不可或缺的重要环节。但这方面的研究尚不多见。为此本文考察了周天子的最高土地所有权观念和反映在诸侯经济负担方面的伦理经济观念 ,以期对上述问题的研究有所助益。     

Black Americans’ business ownership factors: A theoretical perspective

The black American struggle in the United States continues to occur in the political, cultural and economic spheres with some measure of success. Regarding the economic sphere as the most critical because it is the source of real power in this country, and business ownership as the ultimate manifestation of economic liberation, this article examines black Americans’ business ownership and factors facilitating it. Defining successful business ownership in terms of: (1) increasing business formations by black Americans, (2) survival/longevity of the formed businesses, (3) their creation of jobs, and, (4) their profitability, this article identifies three factors facilitating it. The facilitating factor types are: (1) individual-specific, (2) group-specific, and (3) environment-consequent. It is suggested that the complex interaction of elements of these factors at any time, most likely determines the proportion of black ownership of American businesses.     

Black land in white Natal: Administrative constraints on land reform

Very little land outside of KwaZulu is occupied by black people in Natal. This paper considers the position of black people living in freehold areas and established urban areas in Natal.

The administrative structures that purport to cater for these areas embody both horizontal and vertical constraints on efficient social provision.

Land reform accordingly appears to offer little more than a worsening of the situation if implemented before these structural constraints have been addressed.     

Rural ownership of land by blacks in Georgia: 1920 and 1960

Conclusion Census reports accurately reflect the decline of black-owned farms in an operational sense. Analysis of tax digest data, however, and comparison With census data suggest that operational farms constitute a smaller proportion of all land owned by Blacks in 1960 than they once did. Rather than diminishing the importance of land loss, the findings underscore the need for intensive research into the matter of extent of black-owned land and identification of areas where community support might aid in the retention of black-owned land.     

基于甘肃省农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证项目工作流程与主要技术方法研究

现阶段,全国正在开展农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作。文章针对甘肃省农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证项目实际完成情况,对土地确权过程中的工作流程与主要技术方法进行了介绍。     

港口民营化改革的经济理论分析

港口产业民营化改革的根本动力在于提高经济效率,改善运营绩效.德鲁里航运咨询公司的年报显示,2002年全球处理量超过100万TEU的集装箱港口中,国有码头所控制的处理量已不到总量的10%.     

新一轮农村土地改革启动

三十年前，中国的改革从农村开始，三十年后，农村土地改革再一次起程。2008年10月9日～12日，十七届三中全会在北京召开，农村改革发展问题被纳入了这次会议的重要议题，并通过了《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》。在中国改革开放三十周年之际，开启新一轮农村改革，其意义重大而深远。本期“经济学人”栏目邀请了国务院发展研究中心农村部副部长徐小青、中国社科院农村发展所政策研究中心主任李成贵、中国社科院农村发展所副研究员、中国土地学会常务理事王小映，来解读新一轮农村土地改革政策。     

近代冀另土地经营及地权转移趋势：—兼与前工业英国地权转移趋势比较

本文主要依据陈翰笙先生20世纪30年代保定（清苑）11村调查及河北省统计局追踪调查资料，考察20世纪上半叶冀中农村一般农民家庭的耕作规模、土地经营方式以及土地所有权转移的一般趋势，并与前工业社会英国地权转移趋势比较，冀中农村人均地狭小，土地经营碎化，自耕农经济占据主导地位，在剧烈的社会动荡中，人们成功地破坏了传统的封建经济，使地权趋于分散，却未能像英国那样在一个新的起点上使土地，资金和劳动力要素重新组成起来，建立起新的生产和土地机制。     

Black women who head families: An economic struggle

Black families headed by women have much lower incomes and higher poverty rates than almost any other type of family. They are disproportionately dependent on welfare and are less likely to receive support from absent fathers. This is a very serious problem for the black community because of the increasing proportion of black families headed by women alone. This article outlines the dimensions of the economic problem and reviews the likely impact of recent policy changes on these families.     

明清时期土地股份所有制萌生及其对地权的分割

明清时期，在一田二主或一田三主基础上，中国封建社会内萌生一种新型的土地所有制，前人一直称之为永佃制，但其实质上巳突破主、佃之间关系，而是彼此之间共同占有同一块土地，是同一块土地的所有者，这种新的土地所有制的萌生，对明清社会经济产生重要影响。     

The economic development approach to legal reform for rural women: A methodological alternative

Legislative efforts to promote rural women's economic productivity have focused on strategies for improving access to and control over agricultural resources. Women make up 50 per cent of the world's farmers, but in many developing countries they are unable to hold or manage productive resources in their own name. Most legal proposals recommend family law reform as the entry point for change. This article argues for a broader approach. All the laws that affect rural economic development should be evaluated and linked in ways that promote rural women's integration into the economic mainstream. In agriculture the‐most important legislation is natural resource management, local government development and agricultural development and agricultural investment laws, including research, intellectual property protection, cooperatives, banking and marketing. Each law should be assessed from the perspective of four generic development attributes: how it contributes to women's representation in policymaking; what economic benefits it provides; whether it facilitates the evolution of organisational structures to help women attract capital; and whether there are clear systems for enforcing rights and therefore minimising risk. Next, the process is reversed to determine how the laws collectively support each of the four areas. This methodology allows the researcher to tease out and rearrange essential elements of a comprehensive enabling environment that provide a sufficient level of institutional support in all four areas across the entire spectrum of agricultural development.     

农村集体所有制土地房地产经营的利益分配:理论分析及政策建议

随着房地产经济的不断发展和中国城市化进程的不断推进,农村集体所有制土地正在不断地参与到房地产经济中来,向非农化转变。在这一转变过程中,农用地的潜在经济价值得到了开发,创造了财富。但是在现实情况中,农民作为土地使用权的所有者在出让了土地使用权后并没有因为土地开发     

School attendance and economic shocks: Evidence from rural Zimbabwe

Unpredicted shocks such as weather, pests or price changes affect agricultural households negatively or positively. The shocks have two opposite effects (income and substitution) on parents’ investments in the human capital of their children, and it is not predictable from theory whether the income effect or the substitution effect of a shock has a greater impact on the investments. Therefore, it is unknown whether human capital investments (i.e. sending children to school rather than having them work) are procyclical or countercyclical. In this paper we show how hyperinflation may affect investments in the education of children by their parents using three data-sets from Zimbabwe. We find that human capital investments are countercyclical (the substitution effect dominates) in rural areas of Zimbabwe during a shock. Therefore, policymakers in Zimbabwe need to be worried about decreased schooling of children during positive shocks in the rural areas.     

对混合所有制经济含义及实现形式的再认识

党的十六届三中全会《关于完善社会主义市场经济体制的若干问题决定》指出：“大力发展国有资本、集体资本、和非公有资本等参股的混合所有制经济，实现投资主体多元化，使股份制成为公有制的主要实现形式”。笔者认为在这一段话中混合所有制经济的含义主要有：首先，对混合所有制经济界定是从企业资产即资本的角度来进行的；其次，对混合所有制经济的界定是从投资主体的多元化角度来进行的；