中美外资银行审慎监管对比分析

对比中美两国对外资银行的监管,可以发现,在主要的监管指标如资本充足率、贷款损失准备金、资产流动性和风险集中度等方面,两国的监管审慎度是存在差异的。我国要完善对外资银行的审慎监管,首先,应以杠杆比率为核心,构建资本充足率双层混合动态监管框架,引入激励相容和风险浅析的监管理念;其次,要细化有关国家风险的原则性规定,适时将贷款损失准备金扩大为资产损失准备金;再次,要督促外资银行建立完善科学的流动性预测系统,进一步完善流动性指标考核体系;最后要完善现有的外资银行资产集中度的监管规定,建立披露大额风险集中度的机制。     

外资银行资本充足率监管比较研究及启示

资本充足率是公认的银行审慎监管的核心指标,本文通过我国和有关国家银行法中有关外资银行资本充足率监管规定的对比,指出主要应从两方面完善我国现有资本充足率监管制度体系,一是建立以杠杆比率(LeverageRatio)为核心,风险加权资本充足率为补充的双层混合动态监管制度框架;二是根据外资银行法律地位的不同,在与外资银行母国签订双边监管合作协议的框架下,对外资银行子行、合资银行和分行提出不同的资本充足率监管要求。     

美国投资银行监管制度缺陷及其成因分析

2008年美国投资银行危机的爆发,凸显了其投资银行监管制度在资本充足性监管、资产风险集中度监管和紧急救助制度等方面存在的缺陷。原因包括：投资银行业的迅猛发展使监管部门忽视了潜在的风险;美国金融监管体系长期以来呈现“危机驱动”的特征。     

外资银行流动性监管比较研究与启示

流动性监管是外资银行审慎监管制度体系顺利运行的前提与基础,本文通过对比我国和银行业发达国家银行法中有关外资银行流动性监管规定,指出主要应从以下几方面完善流动性监管制度体系,一是加快金融市场的发展,通过多种途径增加流动性供给;二是应根据外资银行法律地位的不同,在与外资银行母国签订双边监管合作协议的框架下,对外资银行子行、合资银行和分行提出不同的监管资本充足率要求;三是构建定性分析与定量考核相结合、以流动性比例监管为主体、银行期限缺口管理为补充的二元制流动性监管体系。     

对外资银行监管的法律审视和立法完善

为了保证国内银行与外资银行的健康发展、处理好国内银行与外资银行的竞争关系,在分析外资银行监管及其必要性的基础上,对我国现有相关外资银行监管的法律、法规和规章进行了梳理和重新认识;主要从立法目标、立法原则、立法层次、立法内容、立法体系上对我国目前外资银行监管法律进行了问题审视;就提高立法层次和推行统一监管模式,完善市场准入立法和建立市场退出立法,业务运行过程中的立法,对外资银行的监管原则,改善风险监控体制等方面提出了建议.     

基于监管视角的商业银行大额风险暴露管理研究

作为商业银行授信风险管理体系的重要组成部分,集中度风险管理越来越受到监管当局的重视,以巴塞尔委员会为代表的国际组织针对大额风险暴露问题制定了一系列规范与制度,但是,基于市场环境等因素的作用,不同国家与地区的实施情况存在一定差异.在我国,大额风险暴露监管尚处于探索阶段,与国际规范与较佳实践尚存差距,加之我国商业银行信贷集中度风险频频爆发,如何加强商业银行大额风险监管、控制信贷风险显得刻不容缓.本文在分析大额风险暴露的监管演进基础上,对我国商业银行大额风险累积的原因做了分析,提出了强化商业银行大额风险暴露的监管对策建议.     

建立我国基于风险控制的企业年金监管体系

在我国企业年金制度启动后，为防范企业年金基金管理风险，必须建立一套行之有效的监管体系和监管方法。本文提出建立我国基于风险控制的企业年金监管体系，该体系是基于风险的金融监管理论在企业年金领域的应用和实践。建立基于风险的企业年金监管体系主要包括4个方面的内容：即确定企业年金的监管架构及适合我国国情的监管模式；建立统一的风险监管平台，开发统一的企业年金风险监管系统，统一企业年金监管风险管理工具和风险指标，形成支持协同监管的技术系统平台；完善规章制度体系，凄定监管基础；切实严格执行管理机构的准入制度，形成优胜劣汰良好机制。     

经济全球化趋势下当代国际货币体系的矛盾

本分析了经济全球化趋势下，以牙买加协定为基础的当代国际货币体系的矛盾，主要表现在：经济全球化使现行汇率制度的稳定性受到冲击；国际资本的大规模流动给各国汇率管理带来新的问题；导致了国际储备多元化与各国国际储备资产管理的难度增加；国际收支调节机制的多样化与国际收支问题严重化；金融创新纷纷涌现与国际金融风险不断加大。     

我国外资银行可监管风险辨识

本文在回顾外资银行风险监管理论的基础上,结合我国外资银行发展历程和风险监管现状,使用等级全息建模法,从外资银行的主要业务、固有风险、监管过程、政策与法律四个角度对在华外资银行风险进行辨识,筛选出可监管风险,建立起外资银行可监管风险的指标体系.     

全球储备资产：历史趋势、形成机制和中国启示

基于100多个经济体的储备资产微观数据，本文对全球储备资产的结构特征进行了系统研究。研究结果表明：伴随着国际货币体系的发展演进，全球储备资产规模不断攀升；储备资产持有者集中度稳中趋降，黄金与非传统货币计价资产份额不断上升；“中心”和“外围”国家储备资产结构存在明显差异，金融账户对储备资产形成的贡献度不断提升。浮动汇率制度、货币国际化无法替代储备资产的功能，不应过分关注储备资产的短期账面收益，而要全面考虑其在促进经济增长、维护金融稳定等方面的基础性作用。我国应加强顶层设计与统筹规划，逐步探寻一套适合中国国情、兼顾收益与风险的储备资产管理长效机制。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.