我国准备金控制机制初探

两种货币供给控制模式的比较控制社会货币供给总量有两种基本的模式,一种是中央银行直接控制社会货币供给总量(社会货币总量包括信贷货币量和现金货币量)。另一种是准备金控制模式,即中央银行通过准备金制度间接控制社会货币供给总量。这两种宏观金融控制模式有着很大的区别。(一)控制的内容不同。在直接控制模式中,中央银行把货币供给总量切块分配给各专业银行系统,然后由专业银行总行再将分配到的指标切块分配给下属地方专业银行。这样,中央银行实际上直接决定了专业银行的贷款规模和现金投放量,从而直接控制了社会货币供给总量。在这种控制模式中,中央银行直接控制的是货币流量而不是货币存量。货币供给量只有一个层次,即社会货币供给量,各专业银行的货币供给量只是这一总量的简单分解。然而,在准备金控制模式中,货币供给量则分成两个层次。     

中国离通货膨胀有多远？

“无论何时何地,通货膨胀都是一种货币现象。”这是货币学派经济学家弗里德曼的一句名言,其含义十分清楚,即货币供给超过货币需求一定会导致通货膨胀。将该理论应用于判断中国未来一段时期的物价走势,就不免产生对通胀的担忧,因为自2008年11月份实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策以来,无论货币还是信贷都出现了空前的增长。     

通货膨胀离我们到底有多远

“无论何时何地,通货膨胀都是一种货币现象”这是货币学派经济学家弗里德曼的一句名言,其含义十分清楚,即货币供给超过货币需求一定会导致通货膨胀。将该理论应用于判断我国未来一段时期的物价走势,就不免产生对通胀的担忧,因为自2008年11月份实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策以来,尤论货币还是信贷都出现了空前的增长。     

发展中国家物价上涨趋势与政府对策

<正> 物价,特别是消费品价格,是制约货币收入向实际购买力的转换水平的关键因素。在货币发行量既定的条件下,物价普遍上涨率是测定一国通货膨胀程度的基本标准。对于广大发展中国家来说,名义货币的实际购买力的降低,一是因货币的过度供给,二是因物价的上涨,这两者之间既相互区别又相互关联.就物价而言,它对各国经济的影响是双重的,即不仅通过要素价格的变化,影响各国生产力资源的配置,以及经济增长,而且又通过个人消费品价格的消长,影响各国居民的实际收入与生活水平。这种双重作用,往往使各国政府在物价问题上面临两难选择:在运用价格杠杆调节社会总供给与社会总需求的均衡中,是优先考虑经济增长还是首先满足个人消费?这一难题,在发展中国家的社会再生产过程中也同样存在。     

中国离通货膨胀有多远？

【英国《金融时报》11月20日】“无论何时何地,通货膨胀都是一种货币现象。”这是货币学派经济学家弗里德曼的一句名言,其含义十分清楚,即货币供给超过货币需求一定会导致通货膨胀。将该理论应用于判断我国未来一段时期的物价走势,就不免产生对通胀的担忧,因为自2008年11月份实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策以来,无论货币还是信贷都出现了空前的增长。     

我国货币供应量、物价水平与经济增长之间关系的实证研究

针对我国2001～2010年季度数据,通过使用协整关系检验、格兰杰因果检验以及方差分解分析方法进行实证研究发现,长期内我国货币供给的变化与物价和产出的变化之间存在唯一的协整关系;同时存在一个单向的Granger因果关系:货币供给增长率是物价水平增长率的Granger原因,即长期内货币供应量仅对物价水平产生影响。最后根据实证分析结果对货币政策选择提出政策建议。     

中国货币供给变动与物价变动之间的关系——基于Morlet小波时频相关性分析

本文基于Morlet小波时频相关性分析方法,从时域和频域两个维度检验了近20多年中国货币供给变动与物价变动之间的关系。研究表明,自2003年起,中国货币供给变动成为显著驱动物价发生正向变动的重要力量;M0的变动对物价变动的长期影响尤为显著,而M1和M2的变动对物价变动的短期影响尤为显著;中国以货币供应量为中介目标的货币政策具有系统性改进;最后,本文认为,保持一个较为合理稳定的货币供给增长率有助于中国物价水平的长期稳定。     

通货膨胀问题初探

通货膨胀是金融理论研究和金融机构政策操作中的重要问题。本文分析了一直以来存在的对通货膨胀观点不一的物价派和货币派的理论,并在此基础上,初步探讨了通货膨胀的本质。指出通货膨胀是货币供给增多和商品供给减少的共同产物,不能将二者割裂开来。     

近年来中国国内货币供给源于国际资本流动吗?

中国央行对货币的控制能力一直是人们关注的焦点之一。普遍的观点是,近年来国际资本流动严重削弱了中国央行控制货币的能力。利用两阶段最小二乘法和递归法,本文的检验结果表明:尽管国际资本对央行净国内资产的抵消系数高达-1.014,但央行的冲销系数也达到了-0.985,这意味着货币供给受到国际资本流动的影响甚微。对广义货币的检验证明了这一点。因此,中国货币供给主要源于央行的国内信贷而非国际资本。     

推动中国固定资产投资增长的实证分析——基于中国1978-2007年数据的实证分析

文章应用OLS分析法,实证分析研究了商品零售价格指数、货币供给量与固定资产投资的相关性,在此基础上对3者之间的作用机理进行协整分析和Granger因果检验,研究结果表明:商品零售价格指数、货币供给与固定资产投资之间体现出较强的相关性,而且存在长期的协整关系;商品零售价格指数是固定资产投资和货币供应量的Granger原因,但反向因果关系不成立;提高并维持商品物价和适度的增加货币供给是推动投资增长的战略选择。     

Temporary Acceleration of Inflation: What Can a Central Bank Learn from It?

In this article I present a model in which the monetary authority conducts policy by setting money supply in the presence of uncertainty and Bayesian learning about the economic environment. I find that there exists a set of assumptions under which a temporary acceleration of money growth and thus of inflation increases the government's overall expected utility. There also exists a set of assumptions under which a temporary deceleration of money growth and thus of inflation increases the government's overall expected utility.     

DSGE模型框架下我国货币政策规则的比较分析

货币政策规则是中央银行为了保持通货膨胀和产出稳定并使经济更快发展所使用的货币政策的指导原则。目前,通行于各个国家的货币政策规则主要有利率规则和货币供应量规则。过去一段时间以来,西方发达国家都已逐渐从货币供应量规则过渡到利率规则,而在我国不管是应用方面还是理论研究方面,对于哪一个货币政策规则更适合我国始终都还没有定论。因此,本文试图在DSGE模型的框架下,对我国的货币政策规则进行比较分析。结果得出,相比于货币供应量规则,利率规则下:(1)货币政策更有效;(2)技术冲击所引起的通货膨胀和产出波动更小;(3)技术冲击对通货膨胀和产出的影响更短暂。因此,研究得出,我国更适合使用利率的货币政策规则。     

Money,inflation, and output growth: Does the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model explain the international evidence?

Money, Inflation, and Output Growth: Does the Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply Model Explain the International Evidence? - Using annual post-war data for 32 countries, it is shown that output and the price level are positively related along the aggregate supply and negatively related along the aggregate demand curve. This implies that the negative correlation between inflation and growth simply means that the price level has been countercyclical as aggregate supply shocks domi-nated aggregate demand shocks. It is also shown that money growth has positive and permanent effects on inflation, but may affect output only in the short run: in the long run, money is probably neutral.     

Effect of Money Supply on Real Output and Price in China

Over the past 30 years, China has achieved remarkable long-term economic growth. Using quarterly data, we study the effects of money supply on real output and inflation in China between 1993 and 2008. To this end, we use money supply shocks afler filtering out the expected component of the money supply. Our findings provide evidence supporting the asymmetric effect of positive and negative money supply shocks on real output and inflation in China. That is, real GDP growth in China responds to negative money supply shocks but not positive money supply shocks. In addition, inflation responds to positive money supply shocks but not negative money supply shocks. We conclude that the People＇s Bank of China＇ s policy of steady monetary growth appears to be appropriate. Our study offers important policy implications for China.     

Evidence on the Effects of Money Growth on Inflation with Regime Switching

Since the latter half of 2010, a new round of inflation has gradually been manifesting in China. The debate regarding whether excess money supply is responsible for this inflation has attracted scholars to investigate the effects of money growth on inflation. In this paper, we use correlation analysis to confirm the comovement between growth of monetary aggregates and inflation. We explore the asymmetric effects of monetary policy on inflation using the Markov regime‐switching model. The empirical results show that monetary policy can be more effective in curbing inflation in a high inflation state than in boosting the price level in a low inflation state. However, simply tightening the money supply might not be sufficient to suppress the price level. To this end, the Chinese Government should adopt other policies, such as supply stabilization policies, to help suppress the price level. Our study can help policy‐makers to determine the actual economic state and provides some policy implications for the current inflation.     

Monetary targeting for price stability in Bangladesh: How stable is its money demand function and the linkage between money supply growth and inflation?

Since the mid-1980s Bangladesh has implemented a loose form of monetary targeting under two exchange-rate régimes: a pegged system until May 2003 and a ‘managed floating’ exchange-rate system. Under both régimes, broad money has been used as an intermediate target to maintain price stability, which implies as the ultimate goal a relatively low and stable rate of inflation. Inflation in this country has, however, remained moderately high and volatile, especially during the 1970s under the pegged exchange-rate system. With the apparent ineffectiveness of the monetary-targeting system in achieving price stability, even following the 2003 ‘managed float’ of the currency, there has been some suggestion that it should be replaced by, say, inflation targeting. This paper forms an element of a fuller study of the issue. It investigates the behaviour of broad money demand in Bangladesh using annual data over the period 1973–2008. Empirical results suggest that an open-economy broad money demand function has remained stable in Bangladesh since the early 2000s. Empirical results also suggest the existence of a causal relationship between money supply growth and inflation. The paper concludes that, although monetary targeting remains appropriate for Bangladesh, its implementation can be made more effective in stabilising the price level if the Bangladesh Bank enhances its control over the money supply by eschewing nominal exchange-rate stabilisation through foreign exchange market interventions.     

中国的通货膨胀是输入性的吗?——物价波动国际传导路径的实证研究

通货膨胀是当前中国经济的突出现象,对通货膨胀是否由国际输入存在争议。通过对2005年7月至2011年3月间的宏观经济数据分析表明,中国的物价总体上受到美国、欧盟的影响,并存在三条传导路径：价格传导、货币供给传导、总供求传导。因此遏制通胀不能仅靠国内的紧缩性货币政策,还要注意防范国际通货膨胀的输入性影响。政策建议包括调整优化产业结构,调节总供求,以及控制贸易规模和结构。     

The Argentine stabilization plan of December 20th

In this paper an analytical model is developed to incorporate the essential characteristics of the stabilization plan implemented in Argentina in January 1979. The model is based upon a set of simplifying assumptions that only approximate the complexity of the real world. It is assumed that the expectations of inflation and the degree of excess demand or supply in the non-traded goods market are the main intermediate determinants of the rate of inflation in that market, the rate of change of prices of traded goods being determined by the external inflation together with the rate of devaluation. Treating thus the external rate of inflation as exogenous, the only instrument available for influencing the rate of inflation in the long run is the rate of devaluation. Since the model assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the money supply is endogenous and hence unsuitable as an instrument of economic policy.     

通货膨胀及其影响因素的动态分析

文章通过建立宏观经济模型对1995--2010年间我国通货膨胀的动态走势进行了研究。结果表明：我国货币市场不仅存在实际货币需求、真实GDP和名义利率间的长期均衡关系,在贸易市场上还存在名义汇率、国内价格水平和国外价格水平之间的长期均衡关系。误差修正模型表明通货膨胀的短期波动依赖于货币供给、名义利率和实际GDP的变化,且具有很强的通货膨胀惯性,货币市场和贸易市场非均衡对通货膨胀的变化也有重要影响。     

Monetary Aggregates Targeting,Inflation Targeting and Inflation Stabilization in Ghana

The central bank of Ghana (BoG) has operated monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting since the 1980s, to ensure enhanced output growth, low unemployment and stable, low inflation. Under inflation targeting, the inflation rate averaged 13.26 per cent per annum between 2007 and 2015, compared with 29.22 per cent per annum under monetary aggregates targeting. The relatively lower inflation rates notwithstanding, an average inflation rate of 13.2 per cent per annum is far above the medium‐term target of 8 per cent. This paper has examined the effectiveness of monetary aggregates targeting and inflation targeting in keeping inflation at moderate levels. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was applied to the data covering the period 1970–2015. The results show that monetary targeting has steered inflation to moderate levels only in the short run while inflation targeting has maintained low inflation rates in both short run and long run. But neither regime has kept inflation at stable levels and within the target band, due to the sluggish transmission of broad money supply and prime rate changes to inflation. We implore the monetary authorities to strengthen the institutional setup for steering short‐term interest rates in Ghana. They should also enhance the BoG Act 2002 (Act 612), to develop secondary anchors and rules around output, money supply and fiscal deficit. Finally, the monetary policy committee should monetary policy credibility and transparency through strengthening its communication framework.