Efficient Migration and Income Tax Competition

This paper examines the consequence of the brain drain for the income tax systems of the source and destination countries for the migration, if the two countries' policies are set noncooperatively by self–interested voters. It is assumed that the brain drain does increase the value of world output: workers with the highest income–earning ability are assumed to be more productive in one country than in another. There are costs to migration of these high–ability workers, costs that are less than the gain in the value of their production. However, for lower–ability workers, the gains in production in moving from the low–productivity country to the high–productivity country are assumed to be less than the migration costs. Voters in the high–productivity country want to capture rents from migrants. These voters are aware of the influence their tax policy has on people's migration decisions. Voters in the low–productivity country also behave strategically. I solve for the Nash equilibrium income tax rates. Increased mobility of highly skilled workers cannot decrease, and may increase, progressivity in the income tax system of the destination country, if migration actually occurs. Finally, the effects of transfers between countries on their income tax systems are examined. Redistribution between countries tends to lead to less redistribution within countries. If transfers between countries are set by a vote of all residents of both countries, then the transfer chosen will be the one that leads to the least progressive tax possible being chosen in each country.     

Minimum Quality Standards Under Cournot Competition

I study the consequences of imposing a minimum quality standard on an industry in which firms first incur fixed quality development costs and subsequently compete over quantity. I find that a mildly restrictive minimum quality standard unambiguously reduces total welfare, in contrast to previous findings derived in the literature where it is assumed that firms compete over prices.     

Compatibility Standards And Industry Competition: Two Case Studies

Case histories of two data communication interfaces provide evidence of complex strategic behavior in the setting of voluntary compatibility standards. These cases show how subtle differences in the design of standards development organizations affect incentives to cooperate, giving rise to systematic venue preferences. Dominant firms prefer more bureaucratic procedures offering greater protection for the status quo. The two interfaces, FDDI (under development in X3) and DQDB (under development in the IEEE) shed light on competition between the computer and telecommunications industries and the evolution of our communications infrastructure. They demonstrate the importance of standards for intra- and inter-industry competition.     

劳工标准与我国国际竞争力

劳工标准已经成为我国不可回避的问题,我们迫切需要弄清楚劳工标准与中国国家竞争力的关系。本文首先对劳工标准的内涵进行了探讨,界定劳工标准为国际劳工组织中核心劳工标准和劳动力价格或成本;在对国家竞争力的内涵进行探讨后,界定国家竞争力为竞争结果和影响因素两方面;然后对我国劳工标准与国家竞争力的关系进行了实证研究,并在此基础上提出了提高我国国际竞争力的对策。     

Developing Country Second‐Mover Advantage in Competition Over Environmental Standards and Taxes

We show that, in competition between a developed country and a developing country over environmental standards and taxes, the developing country may have a “second‐mover advantage.” In our model, firms do not unanimously prefer lower environmental standard levels. We introduce this feature to an otherwise familiar model of fiscal competition. Four distinct outcomes can be characterized by varying the marginal cost to firms of an environmental externality: (1) the outcome may be efficient; (2) the developing country may be a “pollution haven”—a place to escape excessively high environmental standards in the developed country; (3) the developing country may “undercut” the developed country and attract all firms; (4) the developed country may be a pollution haven.     

对抗竞争·合作竞争·超越竞争

随着经济发展的不同阶段,企业的竞争也经历了不同的导向阶段。如今,各界对于激烈的对抗竞争已有了比较清晰的看法,提倡企业间采取合作竞争。为实现企业的持久优势,理论界也提出了超越竞争的理论。本文尝试分析从对抗竞争到合作竞争再到超越竞争这一发展主线各个阶段的优劣。     

GATT/WTO框架中环境标准和劳工标准

从环境标准和劳工标准的视角,探究GATT/WTO在尊重国家主权和提高全球效率之间寻找平衡的制度安排.在引入关税和国内环境标准与劳工标准的模型中,产生单边的贸易政策引起的非效率均衡点.而在GATT/WTO构建的多边贸易协定平台上,能解决国内和国际环境与劳工标准的分歧,增加贸易的透明度,达到更有效率的互惠贸易均衡点.     

Regional Insurance and Migration

A dynamic model of migration is developed to study whether labor mobility can hedge people against region-specific shocks, making private or public insurance redundant. The model adopts a novel timing for migration, which is argued to be the time frame suitable for analyzing risk-sharing issues. It also innovates on the existing literature by solving individual migration through convexification of the set of actions. The results show that the role of migration as an insurance mechanism is small: labor mobility cannot fully remove income differentials between regions. It is also shown that a fiscal stabilization scheme is, in general, optimal; moreover, any pure risk-sharing mechanism has no influence on migration flows.     

Mass Media Competition, Political Competition, and Public Policy

If better informed voters receive favourable policies, then mass media will affect policy because mass media provide most of the information people use in voting. This paper models the incentives of the media to deliver news to different groups. The increasing-returns-to-scale technology and advertising financing of media firms induce them to provide more news to large groups, such as taxpayers and dispersed consumer interests, and groups that are valuable to advertisers. This news bias alters the trade-off in political competition and therefore introduces a bias in public policy. The paper also discusses the effects of broadcast media replacing newspapers as the main information source about politics. The model predicts that this change should raise spending on government programmes used by poor and rural voters.     

浅析中国产业梯度转移路径依赖与产业转移粘性问题

在国际产业转移的发展过程中,不同的时代具有不同的经济背景和技术特征,这些因素的变化将会深刻地影响到国际产业转移。尝试对中国产业转移的路径依赖和产业转移粘性等问题进行简要分析,总结出在全球化进程中中国产业梯度转移面临的两难选择和潜在优势,并提出了政策建议,这在国内目前属于比较新的研究视角。     

Migration equilibrium and variational inequalities

"In this paper, an equilibrium model of human migration is presented which can handle many classes of migrants and locations, in addition to equalities and inequalities. The equilibrium conditions are stated and then formulated as a variational inequality problem. Qualitative properties and computational aspects are briefly discussed."     

Competition and Economic Progress

In a recent article, Michael Ghiselin has suggested that what economics has to offer biology is an entrepreneurial conception of the (natural) economy. Creating such a theory would make it possible to explain how the Darwinian view of progress as the outcome of a competitive push (leading to gradual change) and an opportunity pull (generating episodic change) can coexist. However, accomplishing such a task requires the introduction of technological change into the standard economic model, and with it, a broader theory of the competitive process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Competition and production prices

My theorem, the so-called Okishio theorem, is a comparativestatics result. Therefore, it has no realistic meaning if capitalists'competition does not establish a new equilibrium following theintroduction of a new production method. Marx firmly believedthat a new equilibrium was established. In this paper, we investigatethe capitalist process without technical change. If we choosethe proper parameters and initial conditions, all profit ratesconverge to zero, Schumpeter's result.     

Divestment and Bank Competition

We determine optimal divestment (partial privatization) and entry in banking in the context of a mixed oligopoly. When banks compete in deposits, greater entry is associated with higher divestment. However, social welfare improves with entry only when the private entrants are more efficient than the public bank. Further, when banks compete in interest rates with differentiated products, the public banks behavior resembles that of a price leader and it earns less profit than the private bank, if government holding in the public bank is sufficiently high. Competition becomes excessive in this case, and social welfare maximization requires greater divestment.     

Surplus Extraction and Competition

A competitive economy is studied in which sellers offer alternative direct mechanisms to buyers who have correlated private information about their valuations. In contrast to the monopoly case where sellers charge entry fees and extract all buyers' surplus, it is shown that in the unique symmetric equilibrium with competition, sellers hold second price auctions with reserve prices set equal to their cost. Most important, it is a best reply for sellers not to charge entry fees of the kind normally used to extract surplus, even though it is feasible for them to do so.     

兼并和伯特兰德竞争的价格效应分析

本文采用博弈论方法研究兼并和伯特兰德竞争对价格、竞争等的影响.首先,分布在两个市场中的寡头公司分别选择同市场或跨市场的兼并活动,其次,两个市场中的寡头公司进行伯特兰德竞争.结论显示,有关需求函数的各种约束条件是决定价格升高或下降的关键因素,从而揭示了价格效应产生的原理.美国航空业的案例研究支持模型的基本结论.     

协作竞争——企业竞争战略研究

竞争是市场经济永恒的话题,市场经济既是竞争经济,也是协作经济。文章在前人研究的基础上讨论了科技进步和经济全球化条件下,企业的竞争战略已由纯对抗型竞争思维转变为协作竞争、求取双赢的非对抗型竞争思维,论述了协作竞争的概念及实现途径:集团化改造和战略联盟。并就企业实施协作竞争战略过程中可能存在的问题和对策进行了阐述。     

中国会计准则与国际会计准则差异的环境因素

全球经济一体化和资本市场全球化越来越要求会计能够成为一门国际通用的商业语言，以增进各国会计信息的可比性和透明度。中国会计准则发展模式应通过比较与国际财务报告准则存在的差异，并结合中国特殊会计环境，坚持国家化，而不应该全盘国际化；不同类型企业应执行不同的会计准则。     

Rationality of Migration

The paradigm of a rational individual acting on the earnings-enhancing benefits of migration is subjected to statistical scrutiny, using data from Turkey. Results with robust selectivity correction support the rationality hypothesis: Both migrants and nonmigrants chose the option in which they had comparative advantage. However, the estimated gain from moving is negative for a substantial portion of migrants, whereas a minority realize very high returns. This suggests that migration is a lottery: Individuals are willing to invest in a proposition that has a high probability of yielding negative returns because of the potential for a very large payoff.     

追踪肯尼亚动物迁徙

迁徙,是生命永恒的主题。数百万计的角马和斑马浩浩荡荡,追随着雨水和嫩草长途迁徙至此,其间更是需要逃生于食肉动物的追踪捕杀、马拉河汹涌的河水、以及潜伏四周的种种危险。滚滚而来的蹄声和漫天扬起的尘土,万"马"奔腾的壮观场景最好地诠释了它们对于生命的渴望。第一次踏上非洲这片神秘土地的旅行者盛伟,在肯尼亚马赛马拉国家公园一望无际的大草原和蓝天白云下,见证了被誉为世界上不容错过50大奇迹之一的百万草原动物大迁徙,感叹"一辈子见过最多动物一起奔跑,大概就是在肯尼亚Safari这里看动物。"