论传统期货交易所公司化改造的背景

许多传统的会员制非赢利期货交易所近年来纷纷进行公司化改造,成为赢利性的股份公司。尽管对这种组织变革及其相关问题存在着一些不同认识,但要深入研究这些问题,必须首先弄清出现公司化改造浪潮的背景。研究表明,促成这类战略决策的主要因素包括三个方面：信息技术的变革与创新使传统交易方式和组织形式面临技术竞争力方面的压力;国际期货市场结构发生了重大变化,传统交易所组织形式面临竞争方面的严峻挑战,有关国家的市场监管部门为提升本国期货业的竞争实力,对交易所的组织变革提供了有力支持。     

Organizational choices for efficiency and market power

We examine the role of strategic consideration in the choice of organizational structures characterizing large corporations. These considerations bridge the gap between the research on transaction costs and organizational forms and the research on strategic entry deterrence and threats. An illustrative model is presented and we derive propositions which look promising for providing empirical benchmarks.     

Cooperation in R&D through a network,an ‘organizational gamble’? an empirical analysis of rhône poulenc rorer-gencell

This paper is based on the empirical analysis of innovation challenges to Rhône Poulenc Rorer-Gencell (RPR-Gencell) resulting from development of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industy. These we identify as an organizational innovation involving the development of a network of partners following and/or inducing a technological innovation. RPR-Gencell represents a ‘style of innovation’ since it is based on various factors specific to the firm and corresponds to a new organizational form, the ‘tight network’ of partners. We argue that this organizational from, in the context of the development of biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry, can be likened to an ‘organizational gamble’ associated with a ‘technological gamble’ Altogether, this ‘gamble’ dimension means that the network of partners in R&D is still a marginal organizational form. After an introduction we show that the specficities of the pharmaceutical industry especialy since the emergence of biotechnohgy have led to the emergence of a multiplicity of institutional arrangements governing cooperation in R&D. We take as a specific example that of gene therapy. Later on, we present some stylized facts to emphasize the diversity among the network organizational forms. The network of partners is an alternative to the other complex but ‘clarsical’ forms of cooperation (R&D agreements, cross-licensing, joint-ventures, mergers/acquisilions). We propose a new definition of the network based on the case of RPR-Gencell: the ‘tight network’. We distinguish between the ‘tight network’ and all the other approaches, focusing in particular on the ‘loose network’ of cooperative relationship (mostly multifirm alliances implemented with several bilateral contracts). Only two pharmaceutical companies have adopted the ‘tight network’ to govern their cooperation in R&D. We present the network ofpartners as an organizational innovation governing a technological innovation. We argue that this organizational innovation could be likened to an ‘organizational gamble’ in the case of the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, we show that the network raises several organizational issues since it short-circuits traditional strategic operations in the pharamaceutical industry. We argue that among many different reasons, RPR's technological choices (especially the priorig given to gene therapy) have influenced the creation of its network of partners. As a conclusion, we discuss the link between the organizational innovation and the technological innovation focusing on the ‘gamble’ dimension of such an innovation.     

战略网络的组织形态演进及联盟动机分析

战略网络是战略联盟发展的高级阶段。根据两条不同的主线，追溯了企业战略网络组织形态的演变路径，从8个方面综合分析了战略网络中的若干联盟动机，并对我国企业建立企业战略网络提出了相关的建议。     

Project Hindsight: Exploring Necessity and Possibility in Cycles of Structuration and Co-Evolution

The successful management of strategic change requires an understanding of which moves are possible in specific contexts, and thus of how specific contexts variously require, forbid, or permit certain organizational or policy actions. Appreciation of such modal issues of necessity and possibility thus becomes essential in understanding organizational and technological dynamics. This paper introduces the concept of modal narratives: forms of analytically structured narrative that explore questions of necessity, possibility and contingency. After a brief review of two common types of modal narrative—counterfactuals and scenarios— the potential of a third form is suggested: the superfactual. An extended example of a superfactual is provided in the Project Hindsight case, and the implications for strategic action are discussed.     

网络时代的新组织形成与“四维”形式研究

网络时代下,新的组织现象和组织形式不断涌现,有必要通过对新组织形成的动因、遵循的基本导向、新组织的各种形式等问题综合剖析以揭示新组织的价值创造过程及其本质。国内外近50年来关于新组织的研究提出,以互联网为核心的计算机通信技术带来的技术变革、认知转变和企业应变催生了新组织的出现;新组织的形成遵循知识创造、协作创新和角色重构三个基本导向;新组织形式的“相对新颖性”包括新结构、新主体、新形态和新要素四个方面,构成新组织的“四维”形式。新组织的价值创造过程本质上是由技术变革引发组织形式变化,进而导致组织能力提高形成的。对比科层组织与新组织的组织范式以及各种形式发现,利用新组织形式的多样、灵活、非理性特征对科层制组织架构进行适时调整,是科层组织演化、避免科层陷阱的重要方式。     

Gulf Cooperation Council Oil Exporters and the Future of the Dollar

How has industrial restructuring and technological upgrading in South Korea undertaken in the post-crisis era impacted on the state's capacity to guide strategic industry development? The latest reincarnation of the ‘end of the developmental state’ thesis proposes that industry policies are losing their strategic long-term oriented character due to the state's lack of legitimacy to play a guiding role after the economic recovery. I test this view in light of the Korean state's role, since the early 2000s, in the promotion of a new mobile communications software standard known as the Wireless Internet Platform for Interoperability (WIPI). I argue that the Korean state retains a strategic long-term approach to techno-industrial governance. The argument is developed through examining how bureaucratic actors gained the legitimacy to challenge Qualcomm, the strategy involved in promoting WIPI, and how the bureaucracy supported domestic firms under an increasingly open international trading environment. The findings reveal the state's ability to renew its legitimacy to play a developmental role through re-articulating policy goals from catching-up to nurturing innovation. Furthermore, the state has experimented with new forms of cooperation between government and business to nurture the growth of new infant technological growth sectors such as telecommunications.     

Teamworking: Redesigning the Organization for Manufacturing Improvements

This paper argues that our understanding of the different forms of teamworking in manufacturing is aided by placing teamworking within an organizational and a strategic context. The argument is developed firstly by considering changes in the manufacturing environment which have resulted in the need to overcome the legacy of traditional organization and move to contemporary forms emphasizing quality and flexibility. Secondly, there follows a discussion of the role of teamworking in the current literature, particularly that focussing on 'new wave' manufacturing. Thirdly, extracts from one of our fourteen in-depth case studies from field work are presented as examples. This is of a car assembly plant, which used teamworking as a vehicle for major organizational change. Data analysis used Hinings and Greenwood's (H.R. Hinings & R. Greenwood, Understanding Organisational Design (Oxford, Blackwell, 1989)) theoretical framework, arguing the relevance of that model to aid our understanding of teamworking, both in terms of utilizing an organizational perspective and of recognizing and defining different team archetypes. Finally, the article concludes by summarizing the main findings of the research so far, emphasizing the benefits of taking a strategic approach to teamworking.     

中国制造企业创新战略变革模式选择——基于战略三角框架的模糊集定性比较分析

数字经济时代数字技术与实体经济深度融合,中国制造企业面临通过战略变革实现创新发展的机遇和挑战。囿于理论视角和研究方法,现有研究难以指导管理者实现有效的战略变革。鉴于此,立足战略三角框架,运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）,基于2018年中国A股上市制造企业样本数据,检验政府效率、创新创业活跃度、过往绩效、控股股东性质、市场竞争度与战略变革幅度6项条件对创新绩效的组态效应。结果表明：战略变革不构成高创新绩效的必要条件,不同制度情境下企业应依据组织要素特征选择战略变革模式。4种组态能够引致高创新绩效：高政府效率、非高创新创业活跃度环境下高绩效国企宜实施回避式战略变革;高政府效率、高创新创业活跃度环境下高绩效民企应实施妥洽式战略变革;高政府效率、高创新创业活跃度环境下非高绩效国企宜实施转向式战略变革;非高政府效率、非高创新创业活跃度环境下非高绩效企业应进行复兴式战略变革。     

产业技术创新战略联盟民事主体地位研究

产业技术创新战略联盟对我国创新驱动发展战略实施和创新型国家建设具有重要作用,其所面临的法律主体资格不明问题,已成为制约其发展的重要因素。目前,我国大多数产业技术创新战略联盟没有民事主体资格,不能以合法身份承接政府重大科研项目,也不能以联盟名义签订合同,其身份地位与其所承载的重要功能不相匹配。通过界定产业技术创新战略联盟概念,分析其法律现状和实践中所呈现的社团法人、民办非企业法人、备案制等存在形态,提出赋予产业技术创新战略联盟非法人组织民事主体地位、破除其承接政府服务职能和产学研合作项目的“身份”不明问题等法律对策。     

Technological innovation, organizational linkages and strategic degrees of freedom

This paper draws on case studies of seuen LK-based multinational companies to examine the relationship between different types of technological innovation, internal and external organizational linkages and technology strategy. A model of technological innovation is deueloped to help explore this relationship. The model consists of three dimensions—technology, component and product—linked by four modes of innovation—incremental, architectural, fusion and breakthrough. The findings support the contingency theory, where different organizational structures and processes are consistent with dgerent contingency theoy, where diffrent organizational structures and processes are consistent with development.     

新常态下军民融合协同创新与战略性新兴产业成长研究

新常态下充分发挥国防科技创新资源优势,以军民融合协同创新和成果产业化促进战略性新兴产业成长,对主动适应新常态,培育发展新动力和驱动经济发展方式转变具有重要意义。在提出军民融合协同创新概念,分析其与战略性新兴产业成长运行机理的基础上,提出了军民融合协同创新促进战略性新兴产业成长的3种实现路径以及对策建议。     

宗族文化与企业技术创新绩效——制度复杂性战略响应视角

随着宗族文化的不断渗透,中国企业不可避免地面临宗族文化逻辑与企业逻辑共栖带来的制度复杂性。如何有效应对企业技术创新过程中的制度复杂性是一个有待回答的重要问题。基于制度复杂性战略响应视角,文章系统考察企业如何对宗族文化影响下的制度复杂性进行战略响应,以最终作用于企业技术创新绩效。通过对193份企业与企业所在城市配对的样本数据进行分析,结果表明:宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效产生倒U型影响;资源柔性中介宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效的倒U型影响;协调柔性中介宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效的倒U型影响;地区金融发展水平增强宗族文化较低水平时宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效的正向影响,并且增强宗族文化较高水平时宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效的负向影响。研究结论在揭示宗族文化对企业技术创新绩效影响机制的同时,纠正部分学者对宗族文化的消极认知偏见,并为中国“本土化”的企业技术创新管理提供实践参考。     

垄断条件下企业研发的最优决策研究

研发决策是企业战略发展和组织管理中必不可少的重要内容,对于垄断企业更是如此。分别从企业层面和产业层面对垄断条件下垄断企业的最优研发决策进行了分析。研究表明,由于信息不完全和研发成本的存在,垄断厂商可能会选择低效技术;当研发投入成本较低、风险较小时,厂商进行技术转换、增加研发投入的激励更大。而在进行技术投入时,非合作竞争中的研发投入水平和厂商利润均小于合作研发时的水平,从而导致研发不足。而通过合作研发将技术的外部扩散效应内部化,对企业的研发具有正向激励作用。     

Competing on Competence: A Knowledge Perspective on the Management of Strategic Innovation

The resource-based strategy paradigm emphasizes the importance of firm-specific assets and knowledge, variously referred to as core competencies and distinctive capabilities. This perspective on sources of competitive advantage is complemented by knowledge and learning perspectives on strategic innovation. We explore conceptual links between knowledge development and the management of strategic innovation. We argue that the management of strategic innovation is the purposeful orchestration of organizational knowledge development and application and we highlight a variety of managerial dilemmas associated with this view.     

Competing on Competence: A Knowledge Perspective on the Management of Strategic Innovation

The resource-based strategy paradigm emphasizes the importance of firm-specific assets and knowledge, variously referred to as core competencies and distinctive capabilities. This perspective on sources of competitive advantage is complemented by knowledge and learning perspectives on strategic innovation. We explore conceptual links between knowledge development and the management of strategic innovation. We argue that the management of strategic innovation is the purposeful orchestration of organizational knowledge development and application and we highlight a variety of managerial dilemmas associated with this view.     

Bridge over troubled waters? problems and opportunities in interfirm research collaboration

Effective interfirm collaboration is an incresingly significant factor in technological innovation. A wide and complex range of options exists within collabotative arrangements which affect the outcome and rewards for both partners. Firms are often unaware of the strategic implications of collaborative ventures. While some large firms may be invloved in strategic alliances at the corporate level in order to establish or maintain competitiveness, many remain unaware or unconvinced of the potential for the generation of innovations through collaborations with small, flexible, 'hi-tech” firms. the pace of change and the challenge of international competition threatens Western European firms with a 'technology gap' within a 'disorganized capitalist' setting. Various forms of interfirm cooperation within and across natinal boundaires may be important responses to such uncertainty and amy ultimately provide successful strategic remedies to the situation. This article presents the findings of a recently completed research project in which 27 pairs (mostly small/large) of collaborating, innovative firms were studied in order to examine the strategic and operational issues involued in interfirm research cooperation. Whilst highlighting the advantages of collaboration, and the potential problems for both the small and the large partner, we argue that the adoption of 'cooperative game' rules id vital for successful collaborative innovation. Additionally, we attempt to posit our findings within the current debate on organized/disorganized capitalism.     

跨国并购的技术创新机理研究——海尔集团并购FPA案例研究

跨国技术并购中的知识转移能够提升企业创新绩效,但作为并购方的中国企业在技术上并没有并购对象先进,这就导致并购企业不能有效地管理知识转移过程。为明确在跨国技术并购中知识转移促进技术创新的内在机制,并解释知识一致性、战略互补性、组织匹配性等因素对于知识转移效率的影响机制,本文采用案例研究的方法,以海尔集团并购FPA为研究对象,研究中国企业通过跨国并购实现技术创新机理。结果表明,跨国技术并购过程中知识一致性、资源互补性、组织匹配性等因素,有助于并购企业间的知识转移,并最终提升了并购企业的创新绩效。知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性增强了知识转移对于企业创新绩效的影响。从知识转移研究的角度看,知识一致性能够提升吸收能力,并降低知识转移的成本。从并购研究的视角看,战略互补性、组织匹配性则为知识转移提供了保障机制。最后,本文提出我国企业通过跨国并购战略获取关键技术的过程中,应该评估与并购对象的知识一致性、战略互补性和组织匹配性,能够提升并购企业的吸收能力,增强并购双方的跨组织创新网络与联系,使得知识转移更加容易在并购企业双方之间发生,最终提升并购企业的创新绩效。     

我国战略性新兴产业发展基础与支撑体系构建研究

通过分析战略性新兴产业的基本内涵与特征,认为战略性新兴产业的形成和发展有其内在的产业和技术成长规律,需要具备一定的产业和技术基础和较为完善的支撑体系。在剖析我国战略性新兴产业发展基础及其面临主要问题的基础上,按照钻石理论模型对产业竞争优势的要求,在整合各大要素优势的基础上,从产业体系、政策扶持、服务平台3个层面构建和完善我国战略性新兴产业发展支撑体系,以促进我国战略性新兴产业稳健发展,抢占未来全球产业和技术发展的制高点。     

组织惯性对企业技术创新投入的影响

随着数字科技的蓬勃发展，创新成为保证企业发展活力的第一动力。以2010-2018年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本，借鉴资源基础理论、动态能力理论和制度基础理论，探究组织惯性对企业技术创新投入的影响。结果表明：组织惯性在一定程度上能够有效促进企业技术创新投入；组织惯性对企业技术创新投入的积极作用部分通过中介变量动态能力实现，当组织惯性程度高、动态能力强时，企业技术创新投入也会相应增加；制度环境在组织惯性与企业技术创新投入正向关系中起强化作用，企业面临的制度环境越好，组织惯性对企业技术创新投入的促进效应也就越强。