基于MSVAR模型的房地产通货膨胀效应研究

笔者运用Markov区制转移模型对我国房地产波动的通货膨胀效应进行研究,发现我国房地产波动的通胀效应具有区制依赖性特点:通货膨胀率预期成分在低速增长区制和中速增长区制阶段,均显著影响房地产收益率,并且方向相反;在三个区制中通货膨胀率的周期成分均显著影响房地产波动,在高速发展阶段房地产波动的通胀效应表现为"代理假说",其余阶段均表现为"费雪假说"。     

中国通货膨胀的形成机制与时变转换特征研究

本文构建了分区制附加预期的新凯恩斯菲利普斯模型,构造物价一致合成指数作为通货膨胀变量,基于时变概率马尔科夫区制转移(MS-TVTP)方法分析通胀预期对通胀形成的差异化影响并研究通货膨胀状态的时变转换特征。结论认为,在适度通胀阶段,通胀预期最易于形成通货膨胀;在高通胀状态下,受到经济基本面和通胀"惯性"的影响,通胀预期对通胀的影响程度减弱;低通胀区制中的通胀预期往往难以自我加强,通货紧缩的循环不稳固。此外,MS TVTP模型中通货膨胀时变区制转换概率的估计结果表明,相对于推动通胀上升,需求和供给因素驱动通胀回落的时滞更长,并且需求和供给因素对通胀状态转换的作用由稳定向逐渐增强转变。管理好通胀预期,提高通胀调控政策的精准性和有效性,将成为稳定物价的重要内容。     

我国通货膨胀的成因及传导路径分析

通胀的内部主要传导路径是流动性过剩导致资本价格上涨,推动劳动力工资、原料、服务价格的上涨,进而引发了成本推动型的结构性通货膨胀,外部传导路径则是美元贬值引发的大宗商品价格上涨,通过贸易进口以及比价效应传导至我国。现阶段,政策应该着眼于对整个通货膨胀的传导过程中的主要环节进行调控和管理,从而合理的引导通胀预期。     

通货膨胀目标制度在我国实施的可行性分析

20世纪90年代以来,由于通货膨胀目标制(Inflation Targeting,以下又简称通胀目标制)被越来越多的国家采用,使得通胀目标制成为近年西方货币经济学领域最热门的研究课题之一。从传统的以控制货币供应量为主的货币目标法(Monetary'Targeting)和以稳定汇率为主的汇率目标法(Exchange rate Targeting)到明确公布通货膨胀目标的通胀目标制是一个货币政策方面的重大转变。本文主要分析了我国实施通胀目标制的可行性,并提供相关的政策建议。     

货币政策规则、资本流动与汇率稳定

通过构建一个包含资本流动扰动的开放经济模型,本文考察了在通胀率与实际汇率双重目标下运用利率与对冲干预工具的"双目标双工具"货币政策框架,并与传统通胀目标制的实施效果进行了对比分析。运用我国数据校准参数并进行模拟分析后,结果显示,存在资本流动扰动时,"双目标双工具"政策框架显著优于通胀目标制;存在需求和供给扰动时,如资本流动有一定摩擦,"双目标双工具"政策框架同样优于通胀目标制。通过对近期利率政策和对冲干预反应函数的估计发现,我国货币政策实践与"双目标双工具"最优政策的部分特征相一致:对冲干预对通胀、产出缺口与外汇储备偏离程度、存款利率对外国利率分别均做出了显著反应。     

通货膨胀目标制的模式及作用机制浅探

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代兴起的一种新的货币政策框架,目前已经在不同地区、不同类型的国家中得到了广泛的应用,并取得良好的效果。通货膨胀这一经济现象是无法完全消灭的,而其失控会不可避免的对经济各方面造成不良的影响。通胀目标制不同于其他货币制度之处就在于它是在通货膨胀失控之前就采取有效措施来预防,而不是每次都等到损害已经造成后再补救。因此,对通货膨胀目标制的定义、模式、作用机制及政策效果进行分析就很有必要,它为中国的货币政策改革提供了一种选择。     

“新常态”时期中国财政政策调控模式研究

该文主要以1996年第1季度—2017年第1季度的财政政策和经济增长等数据为基础,运用MS-VAR模型研究了不同区制下,财政支出和财政收入对通货膨胀和经济增长的作用机制。从中主要得出两方面的结论,一方面是财政政策的作用发挥依赖于经济发展所处的阶段,根据我国实际情况区制变量将样本期间内的经济划分为"低速增长"时期(区制1)、"适速增长"时期(区制2)和"高速增长"(区制3)时期,就稳定性而言,区制1最优,区制2次之,区制3最弱,就财政支出的冲击效果和减小速度而言,区制2最显著,区制3中次之,区制1中最弱。另一方面是减少财政收入在区制1中的效果较好,增加财政收入在区制2和区制3中的效果较好。由此在"新常态"时期给出了两方面的政策建议,一方面是目前政府应该采取以减少财政收入为主的财政政策,以扩大财政支出型的财政政策为辅,另一方面是政府继续发挥财政政策的局部着力作用,进一步优化财政支出和收入结构。     

局部性改革的逻辑:理论与中国农村市场发展和商业环境的案例

本文检验中国1945—1949年恶性通货膨胀期间是否存在价格泡沫,并据此考察理性预期路径的收敛性。结论认为通胀中含有显著的泡沫成分,尤其在样本后半期恶性通胀主要由泡沫所推动而脱离了市场基本面;由于泡沫成分的存在,理性通胀预期的路径并不收敛。经验结论还表明这一时期货币供给主要是内生决定的,预期价格上涨导致名义货币供给几乎同比例增长。这保证了政府的实际铸币税收益,也意味着通货膨胀和货币增长循环相因构成恶性循环。本文的方法为当前我国资产市场泡沫问题的研究提供了参考。     

汇率影响、货币供给与通货膨胀

本文从人民银行近期政策与通货膨胀的现实意义出发,回顾了理论界有关通货膨胀主要成因的观点,并指出输入型通胀、需求拉动型通胀和成本推动型通胀是国内学者普遍认为当下通货膨胀压力的主要成因。根据经典理论分析,我国当下的通货膨胀压力是人民币汇率制度导致我国基础货币被动增发以及扩张性货币政策指导下超量货币供给所带来的流动性过剩问题。     

论房地产市场的通货膨胀效应——基于马克思两大部类平衡理论的判断

在我国房地产市场迅速发展后,房地产市场日益影响经济生活各领域,成为经济运行的晴雨表。由于房地产市场吸收流动性能力极强,其通货膨胀效应需引起关注。本文运用马克思再生产的两大部类平衡原理,分析房地产市场试点起步时期的通货膨胀路径及房地产市场上升期对通胀路径的抑制,在两大部类平衡理论基础上判断房地产市场调整期可引发的逆向通货膨胀冲击,其政策意义在于,我国房地产市场的飞速发展是阶段性产物,我国经济发展应逐级回归实体经济。     

汇率制度选择:基于随机效应多元排序probit模型的分析

选用13个影响汇率制度选择的典型变量,采用随机效应多元排序选择模型对147个国家的汇率制度选择进行分析,发现经济发展水平、美元化程度、货币错配程度越高,实际资本开放程度越大,政府越强,具有高经济增长和长期通货膨胀历史的国家有较高采用相对固定汇率制度的概率;而经济规模、贸易开放度越大以及外债债务比率越高将会促使一国选择灵活性较高的汇率制度。     

Non-linearities in inflation–growth nexus in the SADC region: A panel smooth transition regression approach

The main objective of central banks around the world is the achievement and maintenance of price stability, which actually creates an environment conducive for faster economic growth. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to understand the relationship between inflation and economic growth in order to make sound policies. If inflation is detrimental to economic growth, then policy makers should aim for low rates of inflation. This leads to a question; how low should the inflation rate be? Previous research in the non-linearities of the inflation–growth relationship has found that a positive relationship exists when the inflation rate is low and a negative relationship when the inflation rate is high. This implies the existence of a threshold level of inflation at which the sign switches. In this paper we use panel data for the period 1980–2008 to examine the inflation–growth nexus in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region and to endogenously determine the threshold level of inflation. To deal with problems of endogeneity and heterogeneity, the paper uses the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) method developed by González et al. (2005) to examine the non-linearities in the inflation–growth nexus. This technique further estimates the smoothness of the transition from a low inflation to a high inflation regime. The findings reveal a threshold level of 18.9%, above which inflation is detrimental to economic growth in the SADC region.     

CAN CHINA'S “MINI-BANG” SUCCEED?

Despite the phenomenal success of China's economic reform, the Chinese economy encounters a series of increasingly perilous problems, such as the recurrence of a "boon-and-bust" cycle, inflation, corruption, and regional disparity. This paper argues that the root of these problems is the discrepancy between the reforms in the macropolicy environment and the reforms in the micro-management institution and resource allocation system. In October 1993, the Chinese government introduced a reform package in a bid to make the macro-policy environment more consistent with the liberalized micro-management institution and resource allocation system. However, the traditional macro-policy environment was formed endogenously to facilitate implementing the "catching-up and forging-ahead" development strategy. Unless, the Chinese government abandons that strategy, it cannot complete the reforms in the macro-policy environment and it cannot uproot the problems appearing in the reform process.     

Regime‐dependent effects of uncertainty on inflation and output growth: evidence from the United Kingdom and the United States

Employing a bivariate regime switching model, this paper attempts to examine the regime‐dependent effects of inflation uncertainty and output growth uncertainty on inflation and output growth. Using monthly data of the United Kingdom and the United States, we provide evidence that both nominal and real uncertainty exert regime‐dependent impacts on inflation. Furthermore, in case of both the countries, inflation uncertainty has adverse impact on output growth mainly during the period of economic contraction. Also, for these two countries, it can be argued that higher real uncertainty significantly reduces output growth only in their respective low output growth regimes.     

我国通货膨胀路径中的结构性变化与非线性调整——基于TV-STAR模型的实证分析

本文使用TV-STAR模型研究发现,我国通货膨胀路径中结构性变化与非线性共存。结构性变化发生在1995年左右,结构性变化前的通货膨胀路径中存在高、低两个均衡点,结构性变化后的通货膨胀路径中存在唯一均衡点,但通货膨胀的持久性较变化前有较大幅度上升。同时发现通货膨胀与通货紧缩的非线性调整具有明显的非对称性,其临界值为4.091。基于广义脉冲响应函数发现,结构性变化后,我国通货膨胀对外来冲击的反应幅度下降,但反应速度上升。另外,正、负向冲击对通货膨胀的影响存在明显的非线性和非对称性。在多数情况下,正向冲击的影响更大,也更持久。在短期内,通货膨胀机制下的冲击影响要明显强于在通货紧缩机制下,但从长期来开,通货紧缩机制下的冲击影响更持久。在结构性变化之后,这种冲击的非对称效应也更明显。     

Asymmetric information, optimal money growth targets, and fed secrecy in a monetary policy game

This paper analyzes the impact on inflation of requiring the monetary authority to announce money supply targets and punishing it for deviations from same. Two regimes are considered. In one, called the ex ante regime, the target is announced prior to the authority's obtaining information concerning relevant economic shocks. In the other, called the ex post regime, the announcement is made after the authority obtains relevant information and thus provides the public with data concerning the authority's private information. It is shown that the ex ante regime may dominate the ex post regime. This follows because an ex post regime may yield a higher mean inflation rate as the monetary authority attempts to exploit the relationship between its announcement and expected inflation.     

Destabilizing effects of a successful stabilization: a forward-looking explanation of the second Hungarian hyperinflation

Summary. The extreme severity of the second Hungarian hyperinflation is argued to be related to the unusual way in which the inflation was eventually stabilized. The historical features of this episode are represented in a general equilibrium model, which incorporates a transition from one monetary regime to another. During the inflation the government finances a fixed deficit with seigniorage revenue. After the stabilization the government budget is balanced and the central bank engages in a program of subsidized lending to the private sector. Stabilization is achieved by targeting a low inflation rate path through adjustments in the quantity of central bank lending. I show that under this stabilization policy (1) the dynamic equilibrium path of the economy is indeterminate and (2) arbitrarily high pre-stabilization inflation rates are possible. Received: November 5, 1998; revised version: November 30, 1998     

A Framework for Independent Monetary Policy in China

As the Chinese economy becomes more market based and continuesits rapid integration into the global economy, having an independentand effective monetary policy regime oriented to domestic objectiveswill become increasingly important. Employing modern principlesof monetary policy in light of the current state of China'sfinancial institutions, we motivate and present a package ofproposals to guide the operation of a new monetary policy regime.Specifically, we recommend an explicit low long-run inflationobjective, operational independence for the People's Bank ofChina (PBC) with formal strategic guidance from the government,and a minimal set of financial sector reforms (to make the Chinesebanking system robust against interest rate fluctuations). Weargue that anchoring monetary policy with an explicit inflationobjective would be the most reliable way for the PBC to tiedown inflation expectations, and thereby enable monetary policyto make the best contribution to macroeconomic and financialstability, as well as economic growth. The management and monitoringof money (and credit) growth by the PBC would continue to playa useful role in the stabilization of inflation, but a moneytarget would not constitute a good stand-alone nominal anchor.(JEL codes: E5 and P2)