Willingness to Pay for Voluntary Climate Action and Its Determinants: Field-Experimental Evidence

The determinants of individual, voluntary climate action (VCA) in combating climate change and its potential scale are frequently debated in public but largely underresearched. We provide estimates of the willingness to individually reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by one ton, using the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. Estimates are derived from an online field experiment with a large, highly heterogenous, and Internet-representative sample of voting-aged Germans. Jointly estimating willingness to pay (WTP), non-indifference to VCA, and prior knowledge, we uncover important determinants of preferences for VCA, such as education, the information structure among the population, and exogenous environmental conditions.     

上市公司随意停牌与投资者利益——来自中国资本市场的证据

停牌制度的设计初衷是为了保护投资者利益,但近年来在中国股市却频繁发生上市公司的"随意停牌"现象。这些上市公司的随意停牌不但为国内投资者所诟病,而且引发了国际投资者与国际资本市场的负面回应。本文根据沪深交易所2016年5月出台的规范性文件,首次对上市公司的多种随意停牌行为进行了详细界定,并利用2014年6月至2016年5月的国内重大事项停牌数据,实证检验了随意停牌对于投资者利益的影响。研究发现:(1)相较于正常停牌,随意停牌平均造成了约4%的累计异常损失;(2)发生随意停牌的上市公司,更容易在停牌过程中出现内部人的私利行为;(3)随意停牌通过增加内部人的私利行为,引发了累计异常损失。这意味着上市公司的部分停牌行为并没有实现投资者保护的初衷,反而通过有助于公司内部人的私利行为损害了投资者利益。本研究为完善停牌制度和资本市场提供了重要的政策启示。     

Market Access,Export Performance and Survival: Evidence from Peruvian Firms

This paper explores the effect of market access on firms' export performance and their survival in foreign markets. The data used covers all Peruvian exporting firms between 2002 and 2008, a period during which Peru was active in joining the global economy. This is done using two indices, one that summarizes the tariffs faced by exporters, the other that measures the preferential margin at the bilateral level. Results show that more than market access conditions per se, it is market access conditions relative to those faced by competitors that significantly influences export performance and survival. About a fifth of the increase of exports directed to Mercosur countries is due to improvement in preference margins.     

Productivity Performance of Export Market Entry and Exit: Evidence from Indian Firms

This paper contributes to the literature on exporting and firm productivity, focusing on export entry (efficiency), learning (post‐entry growth) and exit (inefficiency) by Indian firms. Drawing on 7000 firms during 1989–2009, our main objective is to examine the effect of exporting on firm productivity, correcting for selection bias using propensity‐score matching, which allows a “like‐for‐like” comparison between new exporters and nonexporters. Robust to different matching estimators, we find evidence of learning‐by‐exporting that new exporters acquire rapid productivity growth after entry, relative to nonexporters. We also find that (1) exporters are more productive than nonexporters; (2) productive firms tend to self‐select in entering the exporting market, and (3) least productive exporters are found to exit the export market as they experience adverse productivity effect prior to the year of exit. Our robust result on learning‐by‐exporting suggests that entering export market does appear to be a channel explaining the Indian recent growth miracle.     

信息不对称与多元化折价关系研究——来自中国沪市上市公司的证据

国外研究者一般认为,上市公司存在着多元化折价问题。对于我国上市公司而言,多元化折价现象是否存在以及多元化折价的影响因素有哪些,相关研究却很少。文章通过计算超额价值,发现我国上市公司也存在多元化折价现象,而信息不对称是导致多元化折价的主要因素。文章还发现,多元化扩张行为会导致信息不对称水平的上升,从而使多元化折价问题更为严重。     

僵尸企业的投资挤出效应:基于中国工业企业的证据

本文采用1998—2013年中国规模以上工业企业数据,研究了僵尸企业对非僵尸企业投资行为的影响。实证结果表明,一省的僵尸企业比例越高,当地非僵尸企业的投资规模越小,且这一挤出效应对私有企业尤为明显,而对国有企业并不显著。上述结果在不同固定效应设定、不同数据样本以及工具变量回归中均保持稳健。另外,僵尸企业对私有非僵尸企业投资的挤出在国家干预程度更强的地区和外部融资依赖程度更高的行业表现得更为明显。本文的研究显示,僵尸企业可能是造成近年民间投资疲软的重要原因之一,它减弱了金融对实体经济的支持。因此,一方面,政府应该积极推进国有企业和金融体系的市场化改革,消除僵尸企业形成的政策环境。另一方面,也要采取果断的市场化措施处置僵尸企业。     

股权激励与财务重述——基于中国A股市场上市公司的经验证据

本文以2005—2007年中国A股市场实施股权激励的上市公司及其配对样本为研究对象,采用Logistic回归法,考察了股权激励与财务重述的相关关系。研究发现,实施股权激励的公司发生财务重述的可能性要显著高于未实施股权激励的公司;相比基于业绩的股权激励模式,实施基于股价的股权激励模式的公司发生财务重述的可能性更高。研究结论支持了有股权激励尤其有基于股价的股权激励模式的上市公司经营者可能有短期盈余操纵行为的观点。     

股票市场收盘集合竞价对市场有效性的影响——来自深圳证券交易所的证据

笔者基于深圳证券交易所于2006年7月1日收盘采用集合竞价事件,选择事件日前后两个窗口期的交易数据,运用价格同步法分析方法,研究了收盘集合竞价对市场有效性的影响。研究发现:收盘采用集合竞价后,市场交易量、波动性和相对买卖价差均有显著下降,市场模型的解释力显著提高;第二阶段和第三阶段回归方程中的关键参数检验,以及构造的虚拟事件的稳健性检验结果均证明收盘集合竞价显著促进了市场有效性。     

Transport Modal Choice by Multinational Firms: Firm-level Evidence from Southeast Asia

The impacts of trade liberalization on poverty status of farm households in Africa often come through its effects on prices, government revenues, and employment, among other things. For the case of Ethiopia, the main channel through which trade liberalization affects farm households is changes in the prices of inputs and outputs. The aim of this study is to empirically examine the impacts of trade reform on poverty status in rural Ethiopia. The results show that, although households’ resource endowment had consistent and significant improvement impacts, trade liberalization had mixed effects on change in poverty status. As a result of trade liberalization, contrary to expectation, changes in the prices of cash crops (i.e. chat and coffee) had increased the probability of remaining poor and falling into poverty. On the other hand, changes in the relative prices of staple food crops (i.e. teff and wheat), together with access to credit and schools, had increased the probability of escaping poverty and remaining above the poverty line.     

合作研发的影响因素——来自中国企业的经验研究

本文重点检验了技术溢出、研发目标对合作研发的影响。研究发现：合作研发与输入溢出具有显著的正相关关系;就输出溢出而言,水平溢出会抑制企业问的合作（包括水平合作和垂直合作）,而垂直溢出却会促进企业间的垂直合作,且这种积极作用不会受到水平溢出的影响;研发目标对企业问合作研发模式选择也具有显著影响,当企业旨在提高研发成果的成功率和利用率时,更倾向于选择垂直合作;当企业进行重大技术开发或重大创新时,更倾向于选择水平合作。     

Exchange Market Pressure and Monetary Policy in Emerging Market Economies: New Evidence from Treatment‐effect Estimations

The way central banks react to exchange market pressure is likely to affect the subsequent economic development and the associated economic costs. In a situation of currency pressure the central bank can in principle decide to let the currency float freely, to maintain the peg or to implement a managed float policy, i.e. a mix of depreciation and intervention. As the central bank's choices are subject to self selection and endogeneity, we use propensity score matching to adequately cope with these methodical challenges. We find that monetary authorities have two options to keep down the economic costs in terms of output, namely stabilizing the exchange rate or letting the currency float freely. In contrast, a managed float under currency pressure is accompanied by the worst possible outcome with an average loss of gross domestic product (GDP) between 5% and 6%.     

Exchange rate exposure: Evidence from China

This paper examines exchange rate exposure using a sample of Chinese firms. To measure RMB exchange rate volatility and jump risk, we apply the autoregressive conditional jump intensity (ARJI) model to the industry‐specific nominal effective exchange rate (I‐NEER) for 13 Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2001 to 2017, We find that exchange rate risks do affect firm value at the industry level, and the effect is more significant for the jump risks that are more difficult to hedge and in the sample period when hedge activities are less likely to occur. Our results suggest that the exposure puzzle could be a result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging. Firm‐level analysis finds that exchange rate risk affects firm value for more than 20% of Chinese firms, and a firm's exchange rate exposure varies with the firm's characteristics.     

Exchange Controls,Political Risk and the Eurocurrency Market: New Evidence from Tests of Covered Interest Rate Parity

This study employs daily data to examine the effects on Eurocurrency and onshore returns of the May 21, 1981 imposition of exchange controls by French President Mitterand. Prior to this time, transaction costs explain the average onshore deviations from covered parity; however, these averages ignore short-lived political risk premia which emerged just before the imposition of controls. As expected, there is no evidence of political risk of Eurocurrency markets. Yet when exchange controls were in effect, premia in excess of transaction costs surfaced on nonfranc Eurocurrency deposits at the time of devaluations of the franc within the EMS. [431]     

Heterogeneous Firms in Importing: Theory and Evidence from China

In this study, I explore the effects of the financial status of firms on its decisions to import. The import decision is reflected in various aspects, such as whether to import or buy from home market; what types of goods to import, etc. A novelty of this analysis is that I distinguish between ordinary trade and processing trade, which involves importing inputs to be assembled and re-exported. Several novel patterns emerge. Firstly, a firm’s financial status, especially its liquidity, significantly influences its decisions to import. Secondly, regional financial development also has a significantly affect importing decisions. However, a firm’s creditworthiness and regional factors work independently (i.e., regional financial development does not alleviate a firm’s credit constraints). The findings yield implications for developing economies which demand technological spillovers from advanced markets and those which maintain large trade surpluses with the developed economies.     

处置效应与风险投资机构:来自IPO公司的证据

本文分析了风险投资机构在企业IPO后减持过程是否存在处置效应。研究发现,当解禁期的股价相对参照点价格(发行价、上市首日收盘价及上市第20日收盘价)存在亏损时,风险投资机构减持意愿下降,更可能继续持有股票,表现出显著的处置效应。进一步分析表明,风险投资机构与被投公司总部在同一地区、在被投企业有董事席位的,能够显著降低减持过程的处置效应,而投资经验也有助于缓解风险投资机构的处置效应。     

境外上市对融资约束的影响——基于H股公司的经验证据

中国企业境外上市日益成为金融界一个倍受瞩目的现象,其动因问题也一直为理论界所关注.通过以2000-2003年间在香港上市的H股公司为样本来检验境外上市对公司融资约束的影响,我们发现上市后公司投资对内部现金流的敏感程度下降,说明境外上市有利于放松公司的融资约束.通过对匹配A股的公司投资对内部现金流敏感性的比较分析,以及H股公司上市前后财务保障比率变化的分析,进一步支持了这一结论.     

债务融资和掠夺-来自中国家族上市公司的证据

以295家公司为样本,本文重点探讨我国家族上市公司债务融资的动机。结果发现,无论是用短期债务融资还是长期债务融资来衡量,银行借款行为都反映了家族终极控制人的掠夺动机。具体表现为:终极控制权和所有权的分离程度越大,负债融资的比例越高;在治理环境不完善的地区,这一特征尤其明显。这说明上市公司进行银行融资的目的不是为了发挥债务的治理效应,而是为了增加其可以控制的资源,为终极控制人的掏空行为提供便利。本文的分析有提醒金融监管当局防范金融风险的政策含义。     

The Labor Market Effects of FDI: A Panel Data Evidence from Mexico

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows on six labor market outcomes by using a panel data of the Mexican states from 2005 to 2015. By relying on the system Generalized Method of Moments estimator to address potential endogeneity of FDI in the labor market outcomes regressions, this study finds that the FDI inflows result in a reduction in the overall unemployment rate. Moreover, the FDI is associated with a decrease in the percentage of employed people with the need and availability to offer more working hours and an increase in the median hourly wage rate. The FDI is not likely to influence the critical employment, informal sector employment, and unemployment duration.     

Dividend-Driven Trading Strategies: Evidence from the Warsaw Stock Exchange

This study presents an analysis of dividend-driven trading strategies based on dividend yield growth effects in the Polish stock market in the years 1994–2004. Results indicate that the dividend yield growth portfolios were capable of beating the market in the entire sample period. Their performance, however, was not consistent over time and the highest returns were obtained during final years. Empirical findings based on the analysis of different types of portfolios demonstrate the importance of dividends as a source of significant fundamental information items from stock market companies. At the same time, they show that a dividend investment strategy for the Polish stock market is most successful when the selection of stocks for the dividend yield growth portfolios is subject to further restrictions, most notably concerning company size.