A new family-community social structure

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether a new family-community social structure of accumulation (FSSA) has emerged in the Unites States to contribute to long-wave growth and development through the early decades of the 21st century. Institutions that promote system-functions or public goods are required for sustainable growth and development. Three dimensions of the potential FSSA institutions are examined in this paper, within the context of the systemic circuit of social capital: (a) stability within families, (b) trust and association in the community, and (c) the degree of relative equality. Overall, the findings are that a new FSSA does not currently operate in the US because the emerging family type is not promoting sufficient stability, trust has diminished to low levels, and structural inequality has continued to rise. These factors have negatively impacted long-term economic performance through several transmission mechanisms, which are analyzed in the paper.     

转型期中国县级政府的客观治理绩效与政治信任——从“经济增长合法性”到“公共产品合法性”

善治是中国政府的执政要务,政治信任反映着公民对政府治理的认可和支持。文章利用2008年中国公民意识调查及政府统计数据,实证分析了政府治理绩效的主观和客观维度对政治信任的影响。研究发现,公民对政府在经济增长、民生福利、纯公共产品领域治理绩效的回顾性和前瞻性积极评价都正相关于政治信任;纯公共产品提供的主观评价对政治信任的影响大于经济增长和民生福利。县级政府的客观治理绩效对政治信任有重要影响,在高人均福利支出、低基尼系数和低失业率的县级单位,政治信任更高,而人均GDP反而微弱地负作用于政治信任。因此,尽管经济增长仍然是政治信任的重要来源,但民生福利和纯公共产品正赶上并超越经济增长,成为公民提供政治信任的新源泉。     

Dynamics of social trust and human capital in the learning process: The case of the Japan garment cluster in the period 1968–2005

This paper examined the ways and the extent to which human capital and social trust are associated with the learning process of a manager in making operations decisions through experience. To this end, using a data set originally and purposively constructed by the author, I investigated the development and transformation of the garment industry cluster region of Kojima, Japan. The major findings through statistical estimations are as follows. (1) In the cluster development stage, the social trust of an enterprise and its manager's experiences in firm operations could be regarded as forming a complementary association. (2) In the stage following cluster development, however, a manager's human capital as accumulated through schooling and personal experience, instead of social trust, become complementary.     

Trust and development

In this paper we examine linkages between social trust and economic development using, for the first time, a panel of data. We confirm earlier cross-sectional studies finding that trust is a significant factor in development and also show for the first time that trust significantly interacts with both investment in physical and human capital. We provide a robustness analysis of our results via a set of jackknife experiments on our main equations, and the trust coefficients and interactions are very tightly distributed, indicating that the results are not highly sample dependent. We also consider whether trust directly influences investment and find that in a panel framework it does not unless we allow for a trust–education interaction in the investment equation.     

THE GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES: EVIDENCE FROM A UK EMPIRICAL STUDY

ABSTRACT:  The social enterprise sector in the UK is going through a period of rapid growth, and is being seen by government as another important vehicle for delivering public services. As a result the issue of public trust in social enterprise is of growing importance. While there is a growing literature on the governance of voluntary and non-profit organizations, with some exceptions (e.g. co-operatives) there has been little research on the governance challenges and support needs of social enterprises. The research reported here aimed to help fill that gap. Based on interviews and focus groups with governance advisers, board members and chief executives it explores the typical governance challenges faced by social enterprises. Based on the research the paper develops a new, empirically-grounded typology of social enterprises based on their origins and development path, and presents findings about some of the governance challenges that are common across the sector and some that are more distinctive to the different types of social enterprise.     

DOES SOCIAL TRUST INCREASE INDIVIDUAL HAPPINESS IN JAPAN?*

Economists are mainly interested in trust as being growth enhancing, but whether trust is well‐being enhancing is underexplored. This paper examines if trust is intrinsically valuable by using individual happiness data from Japan. I attempt to mitigate the problem of non‐random selection of residents by restricting the sample to non‐movers. I also address reverse causality by instrumenting trust with residential stability, as trust should be higher for a more stable community. I find that trust has positive and significant effects on individual happiness. The instrumental variables approach suggests that social trust has a causal effect on individual happiness.     

新型农村社会养老保险参保率影响因素实证研究:村域社会资本理论视角

基于对河南省某县47个村域的调查,实证检验了村域社会资本对新型农村社会养老保险参保率的影响。因子分析发现,村域社会资本分为村域信任、村域互惠、村域规范和村域互动四个因子。回归分析发现,村域信任和村域互动对参保率具有正效应,村域互惠没有通过显著性检验,村域规范对参保率的正效应缺乏稳定性。对解释新型农村社会养老保险参保率的差异提供了一个新的理论视角。     

Social division,trust, and reciprocity among Chinese inmates

Social capital promotes cooperation between people and, in turn, economic growth and stability. Trust and trustworthiness are components of social capital that are associated with economic success. This paper provides insight into the impact of social division on cooperative behavior. We use the one-shot investment game to measure trust and reciprocity among inmates in a Chinese prison, which offers an institutional setting that allows us to examine how social interaction, or a lack thereof, fosters cooperation. Results show that the variation in social division through physical separation does not have a significant impact on cooperative behavior among inmates. However, inmates are more trusting than our benchmark group of university students even though inmates have faced significant life challenges. While social interaction fails to boost trust and reciprocity, childhood experience and family environment mold social preferences. In particular, reciprocity deteriorates for those who have migrant mothers.     

Building Innovation Networks: Issues of Strategy and Expertise

This article investigates the role of networks in new product development by reporting on a contemporary case study of a firm in the defence electronics sector. A specific focus is the development and ongoing management of a network that comprises a number of formal inter-firm strategic alliances. The paper begins by reviewing earlier literature on technology strategies for innovation that has identified a key role for inter-firm networking in the organization and management of new product development. We then consider the related issue of the relevant management expertise, which enables firms to adopt a network approach to their strategy for innovation by developing a competence in the process of network building. In this particular case study the critical issue centred upon the extent of the internal resources in terms of time and personal effort that was devoted to building trust and actively managing various inter-firm relationships over time. The article concludes that while inter-firm networking can facilitate new product development across firm boundaries, it is not a panacea for success. Whilst financially successful in terms of product and market development, the networking strategy has also set up problems within the particular case study firm in terms of resourcing and managing the very growth that has been generated.     

Building Innovation Networks: Issues of Strategy and Expertise

This article investigates the role of networks in new product development by reporting on a contemporary case study of a firm in the defence electronics sector. A specific focus is the development and ongoing management of a network that comprises a number of formal inter-firm strategic alliances. The paper begins by reviewing earlier literature on technology strategies for innovation that has identified a key role for inter-firm networking in the organization and management of new product development. We then consider the related issue of the relevant management expertise, which enables firms to adopt a network approach to their strategy for innovation by developing a competence in the process of network building. In this particular case study the critical issue centred upon the extent of the internal resources in terms of time and personal effort that was devoted to building trust and actively managing various inter-firm relationships over time. The article concludes that while inter-firm networking can facilitate new product development across firm boundaries, it is not a panacea for success. Whilst financially successful in terms of product and market development, the networking strategy has also set up problems within the particular case study firm in terms of resourcing and managing the very growth that has been generated.     

信任及其解释:来自中国的跨省调查分析

“信任”被普遍认为是除物质资本和人力资本之外决定一个国家经济增长和社会进步的主要社会资本。华人社会在许多跨文化研究中被认为是低信任度的社会 ,而在国内 ,许多学者已用“信任危机”概括人与人关系的现状。本文试图通过中国跨省的信任调查数据 ,揭示信任对一个地区的经济绩效 ,例如企业规模、企业发展速度、引进外资等的影响 ,进一步分析影响信任的因素。我们的发现表明 ,一个地区能否被人们所信任与地域文化并不紧密相关 ,更重要的是跟人们之间的交易被重复的可能性、交易的发达程度、教育水平等因素有关。这些证据支持了经济学理论中关于重复博弈导致信任的基本假说。     

社会信任对产业协同集聚的影响研究*

本文在自由资本垂直关联的协同集聚模型中引入社会信任要素，通过构建理论模型考察社会信任作用于产业协同集聚的内在机制，研究分析表明社会信任水平越高，产业协同集聚程度也就越高，对经济发展的贡献越大。基于此，本文对我国30个省份投入产出分析表中的19种制造业门类数据进行了两两任意匹对，在逐步增加控制变量和克服内生性后，均能验证上述结论。鉴于发展程度差异，本文又进行了区域异质性研究，发现社会信任对东部地区和高市场化地区的产业协同集聚的边际效应明显高于中西部地区和低市场化地区。因而，通过提升地区社会信任水平促进产业协同集聚，推动区域经济高质量增长，应是地方政府工作的重点之一，特别是东部较发达地区和市场化程度较高的地区。     

情理社会中非营利组织诚信问题研究

随着中国社会结构和社会规范的变迁,社会信任和诚信危机逐步成为社会的焦点。非营利组织是一种新型的社会组织,有别于企业和政府,在交织着关系网络的社会环境中,其诚信问题已然成为组织能否存续和发展的关键,因而,研究非营利组织的诚信问题对构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Towards a systemic development approach: Building on the Human-Scale Development paradigm

Since its inception, the scope of inquiry within modern economics has been overall reduced to the chrematistic, market-centred dimension of the economic process. This has been reflected in the very way it shaped the modern idea of development which, more and more, has been represented in monetary terms to the point of being equated to chrematistic growth altogether. This reductionism has been severely criticized for various reasons, mostly related to the ignorance of the complex, multidimensional, social, cultural and psychological motives and aspirations of human beings, ignoring as well crucial environmental and ecological dimensions within and by means of which the economic process unfolds. One fundamental early contribution to the re-conceptualization of the economic development process in terms of well-being from a systemic perspective came about with the Human-Scale development approach (H-SD) in the 1980s. Central to this paradigm is a systemic re-conceptualization of human needs and an attempt to place this discussion at the centre of the development debate. It suggested a recovery of the oikonomy in its original classical meaning, as a means for achieving better well-being beyond the chrematistics narrow scope. This theory presents a very wide outlook for its theoretical and practical applications and in this paper we will try to build on H-SD's original contribution. We begin this by briefly outlining what can be termed the chrematistic turn within both modern economics' theory and practice at the dawn of modern capitalism. In the second section the main aspects of the H-SD approach are briefly presented and discussed. The last sections are devoted to propose some methodological extensions to the original H-SD version suggesting innovative ways of enlarging its scope through the development and improvement of its evaluation tools. Thereby we hope to enhance its application within its traditional context as well as indicating means for applying it to other fields as development policies, strategies or eventually, appraisal of new technologies.     

什么影响了居民的社会信任水平?——来自广东省的经验证据

采用2004年广东省城市居民调查数据,本文发现,个人因素、社区因素、社会因素都显著影响了居民自身的社会信任水平。年龄越大、单身、有除工作外的其它收入来源、有宗教信仰、担任管理人员、职业变动越少、越乐观、对生活或工作的满意度越高的居民的社会信任水平越高。其次,日常所讲语言不是其所在城市最通行语言、在出现经济困难时得到过街坊邻居、居委会或街道办的帮助、在本市居住的时间越长、在18岁之前就居住在本市、出生地在本省的居民的社会信任水平越高。第三,对政府、媒体、消费者协会的评价越高以及对工会组织评价越低的居民的社会信任水平越高。此外,居民的各种信任分布呈现出"差序格局"的特征。我们的研究为建设诚信社会提供了一个系统的信任发展视角:社会信任水平的提高,不仅需要个体自身的努力,更需要稳定和谐的社区建设、政府治理的改善、媒体作用的发挥以及消费者协会等中介组织的成长。     

在线社交网络互动有助于创业机会的识别吗*——基于网络信任双维度视角

本文借鉴S（刺激）—O（有机体）—R（反应）理论框架，构建了在线社交网络互动、网络信任与创业机会识别关系的理论模型，采集了长三角512份创业企业样本,通过多层回归分析对三者之间作用机理及匹配关系进行实证检验。研究发现：首先,在线社交网络互动对创业机会的形成产生直接的积极作用，其中，与异质性社交网络互动有利于创新型机会的识别,与同质化社交网络互动则促进模仿型机会的识别；其次,在线社交网络互动还通过网络信任间接地促进创业机会的识别，其中认知信任在异质性网络互动与创新型机会识别间起着部分中介作用，情感信任则在同质化网络互动与模仿型机会识别中起着部分中介作用。     

Endogenous fertility, international migration and growth

An endogenous growth model with heterogeneous agents and endogenous rates of fertility is developed to study the relationships between population growth, human capital, migration and economic development. A variety of patterns of migration, from the migration of the unskilled to the brain drain is considered, where the decision to migrate reflects the agents’ optimising behaviour. The analysis yields implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationships between demography and development. Macroeconomic policy can foster growth by influencing labour mobility through taxation and the provision of public goods such as social infrastructure, sanitation, environmental control and medical research that affect locational preferences and child quality. The author is grateful for the comments of an anonymous referee on an earlier version of the paper. The usual disclaimer applies.     

团队信任认知中介下非物质激励对创新绩效的影响

新生代员工逐渐成为企业创新的主要力量,为提高新生代员工创新绩效,基于该类员工追求社会认同和价值契合的特质,从认知理论出发,以非物质激励为手段,探讨通过非物质激励构建团队信任认知、提高新生代员工创新绩效的可能性。结构方程模型检验结果显示,团队信任加强了由新生代员工构成的知识共享创新团队间的纽带,在非物质激励和创新绩效中起到中介作用。研究结果对于揭示企业内部创新环境影响因素、指导企业建立新生代员工之间的团队信任具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Does Social Capital Affect Entrepreneurial Intentions?

Nowadays, the scientific community assigns both social context and entrepreneurs’ behavior as a central role in the growth and development of the world economy. However, the relationships between these two factors have not been sufficiently studied in business and economics. Therefore, in this paper, the specific influence of the new socioeconomic factor of social capital on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions will be analyzed. To test the theoretical hypotheses, an empirical study will be carried out using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique with data from a sample of young undergraduate students in the last year of their degree. This population has been selected because these individuals, according to different studies, show a higher propensity towards firm creation. A previous version of this paper was presented to the 61st International Atlantic Economic Conference held in Berlin (15–19, March 2006).     

不同发展阶段新创企业创业者胜任力与创业团队成员信任关系研究

基于胜任力理论和创业动态观,实证检验了不同维度创业者胜任力对创业团队成员认知信任和情感信任的差异性影响效应,以及可能随着新创企业不同发展阶段而呈现的阶段性特征。结果表明,创业者的创业胜任力和管理胜任力有助于提升创业团队成员的认知信任,而创业者的社交胜任力,包括社交知觉与社交适应力可以促进创业团队成员情感信任的发展。此外,随着新创企业从初创期进入早期成长阶段,创业者的创业胜任力对创业团队成员认知信任的影响有所下降,而管理胜任力对创业团队成员认知信任的影响有所提高。