基于创造性破坏的产业创新均衡分析

创新作为企业最基本的活动，已经成为产业组织理论中的热点问题。蕴含创造性破坏思想的产业创新带来了产品的更新换代，本文对产业创新模型为的研发投入进行了分析，发现存在三种可能的均衡结果，分别为静态均衡，两期循环和非增长陷阱，产业稳定增长要避免非增长陷阱的情况。在对静态均衡进行了福利分析之后，发现企业在利润最大化目标下决策的经济增长速度可能会高于或低干社会最优水平，潜在的可能就是经济高速增长与高消费者福利不能同时满足。     

创新、创造性破坏与内生经济变迁——熊彼特主义经济理论的发展

熊彼特曾试图建立一个以创新为动力的内生经济变迁理论。在沉寂多年以后,熊彼特的这一经济理论在20世纪90年代以后复活。演化新熊彼特主义借用生物学隐喻构建了企业的行为模式,使创新得以内生化,并类比生物学中的自然选择过程描述了经济动态过程。新古典熊彼特主义增长理论则将熊彼特"创造性破坏"思想模型化,通过引入研发生产函数和对创新组织的探讨将技术创新内生化,深入地研究了与经济增长相关的市场结构问题。三支理论在方法论和学术传统上的差别导致了它们对创新机制以及经济变迁的不同理解。文章系统地梳理了熊彼特主义经济理论的主要发展并对之进行了比较、评价和展望。     

技术进步、工资差距与人力资本形成

本文在劳动力异质的假设下通过建立一个二元经济模型分析发展中国家技术进步与收入差距的关系,结果显示技术进步主要通过直接和间接两种途径影响收入差距:其一,通过提高相应劳动力的劳动效率,提高其工资;其二,通过收入差距的扩大,吸引劳动力进行人力资本投资,从而劳动效率的提高,影响其收入.并得也结论,不同类型的技术进步对收入差距的影响存在较大差异,而这种差异在某种程度上影响人力资本投资,因此,在城乡转化的过程中,要缩小收入差距必须选择适当的技术进步,而且还要结合长期经济发展注意保持相应的收入差别.     

Capital Accumulation and Innovation as Complementary Factors in Long-Run Growth

We study capital accumulation and innovation as determinants of long-run growth by adding capital to our earlier model of creative destruction. No special functional forms are imposed on the aggregate production function. The equations describing perfect foresight equilibrium are identical to those of the augmented Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans model, except that the rate of technological change is a function of the stock of capital per effective worker. Contrary to previous models, a subsidy to capital accumulation will raise the long-run growth rate. The key assumption is that capital is used in R and D. Some evidence is presented on the capital intensity of R and D.     

Technological Progress, Job Creation, and Job Destruction

New technology embodied in capital equipment can be adopted either through destruction of existing jobs and the creation of new ones or by renovation, updating the job's equipment. Under the assumption that the destruction of jobs generates worker layoffs, we show that higher productivity growth induces lower unemployment when renovation costs are low, but that the response of employment to growth switches from positive to negative as the cost of updating existing technology rises above a unique critical level. The effects of idiosyncratic productivity differences and cross sector mobility on the aggregate relationship between growth and unemployment are also studied.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D92, E24, J41, J63, J64.     

“创造性破坏”视阈下企业动态能力构建

本文从创造性破坏的视阈,对企业动态能力的构建进行探析,通过对企业动态能力与创造性破坏之间关联的分析,指出企业动态能力的形成发展实质上是一个不断创造性破坏的过程。强调企业动态能力的构建必须以破为首,破除企业核心刚性与组织惰性等四大障碍;创造为本,重在创新。并从构建企业动态能力的视角,探讨企业创造性破坏的目标指向、路径与方略。     

技术进步、资本积累对劳动力就业影响的理论分析

构建一个动态一般均衡模型,讨论了城乡分离和城乡融合的条件下劳动力就业是如何受制于技术进步和资本积累的。研究发现:在城乡分离的状态下,若不存在技术进步,则农业就业比重不会持续下降,而是维持在一个稳定状态;当出现技术进步时,更多的劳动力就业将使经济进入一个高水平的动态过程;在城乡融合的状态下,若加速的资本积累未匹配正的就业增长率,则经济将被导入一个低水平的动态过程中。     

The Tyranny of Concepts: CUDIE (Cumulated, Depreciated, Investment Effort) Is Not Capital

The cost of public investment is not the increment to the value ofpublic capital. Unlike with private investors, there is no plausiblebehavioral model in which every dollar that the public sectorspends as ``investment' creates economically valuable ``capital.'While this simple analytic point is obvious, it has so far beenuniformly ignored in the empirical literature on economic growth,which uses—at best—cumulated, depreciated, investmenteffort (CUDIE) as a proxy for capital stocks. However, particularlyfor developing countries the difference between investment costand capital value is of first-order empirical importance: governmentinvestment is half of more of total investment, and calculationspresented here suggest that in many countries government investmentspending has created little useful capital. This has implicationsin three broad areas. First, none of the existing empirical estimatesof the impact of public spending has identified the productivityof public capital. Even where public capital has a potentiallylarge contribution to production, public-investment spendingmay have had a low impact. Second, it implies that all estimatesof total factor productivity in developing countries are deeplysuspect as there is no way to empirically distinguish betweenlow growth because of investments that create no factors andlow growth due to slow productivity growth. Third, multivariateregressions to date have not adequately controlled for capitalstock growth, which leads to erroneous interpretations of regressioncoefficients.     

资本体现式技术进步和TFP对节能降耗影响分析

利用我国1953--2006年的时间序列数据,检验与资本融合在一起的技术进步（资本体现式技术进步）、全要素生产率、产业结构以及能源价格对我国能源效率的影响,结果发现,全要素生产率对能源效率的影响最大,其次是产业结构,而资本体现式技术进步与能源价格对能源效率的影响较小。因此,我国要实现节能降耗必须提高全要素生产率和优化产业结构。     

劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步分析

采用比较分析法和数据包络分析法（DEA）,分析了劳动力迁移、人力资本与农业技术进步之间的关系。认为劳动力迁移有利于劳动力人力资本水平的提高;农业技术效率在短期内受到物质资本投入、劳动力素质等因素的强性约束。长期来看,约束因子会不断放松;劳动力迁移对迁入地的农业技术进步是有贡献的。     

Sensitivity of Job Destruction to Vintage and Tenure Effects

Matching models with endogenous job destruction typically deliver excessively volatile job destruction and moderate volatility of vacancies. In our model, vintage and tenure effects promote the creation of new matches that are temporarily more productive, while reducing the survival of temporarily less productive matches. This cleansing effect produces a counter‐cyclical inflow into unemployment, removes the strong response of job destruction to productivity shocks, and generates a downward‐sloping Beveridge curve, as in the data. The model also generates more volatility in vacancies, the job‐finding rate, and labor‐market tightness.     

教育投资、资本市场不完全与收入差距

教育和人力资本投资在决定发展中国家的收入分配和经济增长中起到重要的作用。不同的教育水平具有不同的收益率。由于资本市场的不完善,发展中国家的家庭往往存在信贷约束。因此,通过发展教育来缩小收入差距需要配合资本市场的建设。     

Growth and the cycle: Creative destruction versus entrenchment

Newly estaboished firms often try to secure their market position by building up a base of loyal customers. While recessions may not destroy technological leadership, they may be harmful for such firm-customer relationships. Without such customer bases, these firms find themselves more vulnerable to attacks by competitors. We formulate this idea within an Aghion-Howitt-type model of creative destruction and discuss its implications for growth. In the context of this model, recessions might be good for growth since they weaken the incumbent firm's position and, thereby, stimulate research by outside firms. The model allows for the extreme case where the leading firm can be so entrenched that growth ceases, unless a recession shakes up its customer base. We find a one-to-one relationship between the average growth rate and the cyclical variability, a U-shaped relationship between the average speed of building up good customer relationships and the average growth rate, and a positive relationship between the arrival rate of recessions and average growth. It is finally shown that an appropriate stochastic tax program can implement the social planner's solution. In some cases, general-equilibrium effects may generate interesting results, conflicting with intuition from a partial-equilibrium approach: we show that, in some cases, a social planner might want to subsidize research in order to discourage it.     

技术进步、经济增长与失业:新古典熊彼特主义经济理论的新进展

Aghion和Howitt把熊彼特主义的"创造性破坏"模型与劳动力市场搜寻匹配理论结合起来建立了一个分析经济增长与失业关系的框架.在该框架中,经济增长存在着加重失业的"创造性破坏"效应和缓解失业的资本化效应.一些学者在此框架基础上讨论了劳动力市场不完全情况下经济增长与失业的关系以及就业政策对经济增长和失业相互关系的影响."创造性破坏"的框架,把技术进步作为切入点,为认识增长与失业的相互关系提供了一个全新的分析视角.     

高新技术产业发展与风险投资探讨

风险投资作为一种独特的融资方式，正日益风靡世界，也逐渐为国人所认识，中央领导也多次提到风险投资与科技创新，一些地方政府正在把发展风险投资作为促进当地经济发展的新的经济增长点。风险投资在带动高新技术产业发展中所起的作用越来越重要，它已成为影响社会经济发展和产业进步的重要力量。风险投资业的发展，离不开各级政府的支持与扶持。     

Embodied Technological Change,Learning‐by‐doing and the Productivity Slowdown*

The productivity slowdown in the US economy since the first oil shock has recently been associated with a larger decline rate of the relative price of equipment investment and a smaller rate of disembodied technical change. We set up a growth model in which learning‐by‐doing is the engine of both embodied and disembodied technological progress. A shift in the relative efficiency of learning‐by‐doing from the consumption to the investment sector is shown to imply a technological reassignment consistent with the above‐mentioned evidence. This result derives from the interaction between the obsolescence costs inherent in embodiment and the learning‐by‐doing engine.     

人力资本、技术差距与全要素生产率

在运用改进方法对我国省级人力资本存量和全要素生产率进行了再测算的基础上,引入地区技术差距变量,实证研究了1996—2016年间我国省级人力资本存量、地区技术差距对全要素生产率的影响。结果发现人力资本、地区技术差距对全要素生产率、技术效率改进、技术进步的作用,存在相互制约、互相促进的一个过程,这是对已有文献研究结论的一个补充。     

论人力资本投资的风险

尽管人力资本投资的高收益性已经为人们所熟知，但是其高风险性并没有得到足够的重视。人力资本投资风险产生的原因主要有四个，即投资主体的多元性、投资客体的不确定性、投资行为的长期性和投资收益的间接性。按照投资主体的分类，人力资本投资风险可分为政府、企业和个人三种类型，三种类型的特点各不相同。划分投资领域、进行制度创新和发展信息服务是减少人力资本风险的三个有效途径。     

工程造价、项目总投资、流动资金有关概念辨析

本文根据国家发展与改革委员会的文件、财政部的会计准则和国外的通用定义,试图厘正在工程建设领域常被混淆使用的工程造价、项目总投资、流动资金等基本概念。     

人口老龄化、社会保障与人力资本投资

本文以我国养老保险的"统账结合"模式为例,探讨了社会保障制度对人口老龄化和人力资本投资的影响。根据本文的推导和验证,增加"统账结合"模式中个人账户的比例,将会对居民的人力资本投资产生一定的激励作用,并延缓其退出劳动力市场的时间,从而缓解人口老龄化对经济和社会发展带来的压力。另外,本文还在"统账结合"模型下,分析了人力资本投资与退休的关系,结果发现,增加人力资本投资,可以延长居民的劳动参与时间。由此,我国的社会保障制度应该在以下两个方面进行改革:适当增加"统账结合"模式中个人承担的比例;加快农村的社会保障体系建设,促进覆盖全国的社会保障体系的形成。