The Past, Present, and Probable Future for Community Banks

We review how deregulation, technological advance, and increased competitive rivalry have affected the size and health of the United States community banking sector and the quality and availability of banking products and services. We then develop a simple theoretical framework for analyzing how these changes have affected the competitive viability of community banks. Empirical evidence presented in this paper is consistent with the model’s prediction that regulatory and technological change has exposed community banks to intensified competition on the one hand, but on the other hand has left well-managed community banks with a potentially exploitable strategic position in the industry. We also offer an analysis of how the number and distribution of community banks may change in the future.     

混业经营在中国:过去、现在和未来

20世纪90年代以来,许多国家纷纷放弃原来的分业经营、分业管理的金融发展模式,向银行、证券、保险相互融合、相互促进的混业金融发展.尤其是1999年美国放弃了持续半个多世纪的分业经营模式,向现代金融的混业经营模式转变,更使得混业经营成为当前国际金融的主流发展模式.     

决策能力、风险偏好与风险资本

本文根据资产组合选择理论和资本资产定价模型的思想内核 ,通过引入“最佳预期”概念 ,分析了资本市场效率、投资者决策能力和风险偏好对投资收益的影响 ,得出在完善市场上 ,投资收益主要取决于投资者的风险偏好 ,在不完善市场上 ,投资收益则取决于投资者的决策能力和风险偏好。通过进一步分析风险资本市场的特性 ,讨论了决策能力和风险偏好在风险资本形成中的作用。研究表明 :风险资本是一种融财务资本、人力资本、声誉资本为一体的复合型资本 ,其高额收益源于风险投资者的人力资本。本文的一些发现为解释风险投资领域有关普遍现象提供了新的视角     

Venture Capital and Capital Allocation

I show that venture capitalists' motivation to build reputation can have beneficial effects in the primary market, mitigating information frictions and helping firms go public. Because uninformed reputation‐motivated venture capitalists want to appear informed, they are biased against backing firms—by not backing firms, they avoid taking low‐value firms to market, which would ultimately reveal their lack of information. In equilibrium, reputation‐motivated venture capitalists back relatively few bad firms, creating a certification effect that mitigates information frictions. However, they also back relatively few good firms, and thus, reputation motivation decreases welfare when good firms are abundant or profitable.     

寻求风险资本的日子

"转换科技公司"(Transition Technology Inc.,以下简称TTI)在1987年初开始寻求风险资本,直到212天后终于获得3i Venture(以下简称3i)等提供300万美元风险资本的全过程,是一个比较常规的风险投资过程,但其中的曲折历程也颇耐人寻味.     

创业投资制度先行

今年召开的全国科技大会提出了建设“创新型国家”的战略。要实现这一战略目标就必须使创新经济在我国经济总量中达到相当的比例。从当今世界“创新驱动经济体”的经验看,创业投资、资本市场与创新经济密不可分,一般都要形成如下的循环：创业投资通过价值发现、投资与培育,将成功可能性较大的优质创新资源输送到证券市场(创业投资收益)；证券市场的众多投资者分享创新经济的高增长(资本市场繁荣)；投资者财富增加又会带来对创新经济部门的更多投资与消费(创新经济发展)。     

入驻创业家:风险投资的EIR模式

入驻创业家自身的人力资本,能以更低的成本整合更多的人力资源,以及来自供应商、客户和金融机构的力量     

The Impact of Venture Capital Monitoring

We show that venture capitalists' (VCs) on‐site involvement with their portfolio companies leads to an increase in both innovation and the likelihood of a successful exit. We rule out selection effects by exploiting an exogenous source of variation in VC involvement: the introduction of new airline routes that reduce VCs' travel times to their existing portfolio companies. We confirm the importance of this channel by conducting a large‐scale survey of VCs, of whom almost 90% indicate that direct flights increase their interaction with their portfolio companies and management, and help them better understand companies' activities.     

The Equilibrium Size and Value-Added of Venture Capital

I model positive sorting of entrepreneurs across the high and low value-added segments of the venture capital market. Aiming to attract high-quality entrepreneurs, inefficiently many venture capitalists (VCs) commit to provide high value-added by forming small portfolios. This draws the marginal entrepreneur away from the low value-added segment, reducing match quality in the high value-added segment too. There is underinvestment. Multiple equilibria may emerge, and they differ in aggregate investment. The model rationalizes evidence on VC returns and value-added along fundraising “waves” and when the cost of entrepreneurship falls, and generates untested predictions on the size and value-added of venture capital.     

Capital in banking: Past,present and future

Earlier versions of this paper were presented at a Conference on Capitalizing for the 90s in Washington, D.C., March 20, 1991, at the Western Economic Association meetings in Seattle, July 1, 1991 and at a seminar at the American Enterprise Institute on July 16, 1991.     

中关村创投资金的引导效应

有人说高科技产业和创业投资是一对孪生兄弟,创业投资业的发达程度直接决定了一国或一个地区高科技产业的发达程度.然而,由于我国创业资本市场存在着制度缺陷,创业投资机构的发展很不充分,同时,大量的创业投资机构倾向于投资成熟期企业,不愿投向创新型中小企业,这极大地限制了创业投资对推动高科技产业发展的作用.     

风险资本、制度效率与企业投资偏好

风险资本在促进经济转型和企业可持续发展中有重要作用。现有研究主要集中在风险资本对改善公司治理、提高投资效率等整体性影响,尚未深入到具体投资活动。本文以A股公司为样本,基于投资偏好,考察风险资本改善企业投资效率的内在方式。结果发现,有风险资本参与的企业长期投资强度更高而短期交易水平显著降低,尤其是资本性支出显著高于没有风险资本参与的企业;并且在制度效率较好的地区,上述影响更为明显;联合投资方式和风险资本的国有背景,均能对长期投资强度产生显著正向影响,但没有证据表明外资背景的风险资本具有显著影响投资决策的能力。考察风险资本对成熟企业投资偏好的影响,为探索风险资本促进传统产业转型升级提供了可行方向。     

Labor Rights,Venture Capital,and Firm Performance

We investigate the role of labor unions in the performance of venture capital (VC)‐backed firms. Using a large sample of initial public offering firms from 1983 to 2013, we find that VC‐backed firms in highly unionized industries have lower Tobin's Q and are less likely to survive. This effect is robust to endogeneity concerns and to controlling for industry and firm characteristics. The findings suggest that strong labor rights impede innovative firms’ performance and survival, thereby adversely affecting innovation, economic growth, and employment.     

Banks versus Venture Capital: Project Evaluation, Screening, and Expropriation

Why do some start‐up firms raise funds from banks and others from venture capitalists? To address this question, I study a model in which the venture capitalist can evaluate the entrepreneur's project more accurately than the bank but can also threaten to steal it from the entrepreneur. Consistent with evidence regarding venture capital finance, the model implies that the characteristics of a firm financing through venture capitalists are relatively little collateral, high growth, high risk, and high profitability. The model also suggests that tighter protection of intellectual property rights encourages entrepreneurs to finance through venture capitalists.     

风险投资,天使还是魔鬼

那些企业家们,感受到风险投资越来越温暖的怀抱 1998年10月,当时全球正到处弥漫着金融危机,但对于杰理·黑尔来说这一切根本不存在.这位企业家正在筹划一个Internet咨询公司,他自信这个3亿美元的市场很快会发展到几十亿美元.他几乎笃定能够得到25万美元的风险投资,从而使他的公司达到250万到300万美元的市值.     

国际金融的昨天与今天

决策者在全球化的两个时代中都面临着同样艰难的政策权衡,即“三难境地”。