WTO时代中国遭受反倾销的国别和商品结构分析

反倾销是世界许多国家普遍采用的一种保护国内市场和厂商的做法。在近几年世界反倾销呈下降趋势的情况下，中国面临的反倾销占世界的比重却呈上升的趋势。WTO成立以来，由于多种原因，国外对华反倾销在国别结构和商品结构方面呈现出一定的特点。     

化工产品反倾销统计及分析

反倾销是世界各国普遍采用的一种保护国内市场和厂商的做法,不管是国外对我国反倾销还是我国对国外反倾销,化工产品都是重灾区。通过对WTO公布的化工产品反倾销数据的统计,总结和分析了国外对我国化工产品反倾销的特点及原因和我国对国外化工产品反倾销的特点及原因。     

中国反倾销统计及分析

反倾销是世界许多各国普遍采用的一种保护国内市场和厂商的做法。本文通过对WTO的统计数据和我国的相关统计数据的分析,总结和分析了国外对华反倾销以及我国对国外的反倾销两个方面的若干特点。     

WTO成立以来阿根廷的反倾销实践及其对中国的启示

自WTO成立以来的1995～2008年,阿根廷对来自国外的进口产品频频发起反倾销调查并实施反倾销措施,成为世界上使用反倾销手段最多的国家之一,中国则成为阿根廷反倾销的首要目标国,同时,贱金属及其制品是阿根廷反倾销的第一大目标产品。WTO成立以来阿根廷反倾销的频发,具有一些不同于其他国家或地区的成因。阿根廷的反倾销实践为中国应对未来阿根廷乃至全球对华反倾销提供了有益的启示。     

WTO反倾销法律制度的一体化法理学分析

本文从一体化法理学这一全新的视角对 WTO 反倾销法律制度进行法律价值、规范分析及社会分析,指出 WTO 反倾销法律制度具有公平与秩序性价值取向,对反倾销法律制度的质疑在于 WTO 反倾销法律规范的漏洞而非该制度本身,WTO 反倾销法律制度的存在和完善是市场经济和世界经济一体化的内在要求。     

WTO、美国、欧盟、中国反倾销法差异比较

WTO及世界各国反倾销法在对倾销和损害的认定、反倾销的程序和措施等原则问题上基本一致 ,但在以“替代国”价格作为非市场经济国家出口产品“正常价值”问题、公共利益的考虑、对出口商替进口商交纳反倾销税的作弊行为的制裁、反规避的措施和对中止反倾销调查的态度、做法等问题上 ,却有着不同的理解和规定。了解这些有助于完善我国反倾销法以及更好地应对反倾销调查。     

从被动适应市场到主动创造市场

加入WTO后，欧盟对华反倾销案有增无减，并且是世界对华实施反倾销措施最多的地区。通过分析欧盟对华反倾销的现状、特点、手段以及欧盟东扩对中国和欧盟经贸关系的影响，从完善政府职能，重视原产地规则，加强企业的保护能力三个方面提出应对措施。     

近十年WTO框架下国际反倾销状况及趋势实证研究

在中国加入WTO十周年之际,本文根据WTO官方网站所提供的数据,从国际反倾销措施发起的数量、国别、地区和行业分布等角度综合分析WTO成员方所提起的国际反倾销措施的状况,以期揭示WTO框架下国际反倾销措施的特点、原因和趋势等情况。同时,本文也分析和总结我国近10年来反倾销的状况和趋势,以便更好地应对国际贸易摩擦和有效地维护国家的利益。     

反倾销中发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇问题

WTO反倾销协议第15条规定发达国家在反倾销诉讼中给予发展中国家特别关注和差别待遇,但并未得到真正履行。反倾销在很大程度上成为阻碍发展中国家出口的贸易壁垒。2001年底启动的WTO多哈议程谈判将反倾销协议的完善以及发展中国家特殊和差别待遇的落实列为谈判内容。发展中国家是目前世界反倾销的主要对象,发展问题是多边贸易体制面临的重大问题.在反倾销中给予发展中国家特殊和差别待遇具有重大意义。应通过完善WTo反倾销协议,强化和真正落实反倾销中发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇。     

进一步依法深化反倾销机制,有效保护国内产业

反倾销是世界贸易组织(WTO)允许其缔约方采取的维护本国产业合法利益,维护公平的市场秩序的合法措施,中国作为国际市场上反倾销最大的牺牲者,不仅应该重视对国外反倾销的应诉,更应当意识到作为世界上“最大市场”在加入WTO之后被国外产品倾销可能性的增加,借鉴他国的经验,在WTO相关规则的框架内深化我国的反倾销工作。     

论中国遭遇反倾销制裁的原因和应对举措

随着中国加入世贸组织,我国的对外贸易也进入了一个新的发展阶段,反思中国遭受的外国反倾销制裁,令人痛心。结合反倾销的发展历史,分析我国所遭受的反倾销指控的原因,以及它的应对机制,目的在于建立一个集监测与预防,应对与反击于一体的反倾销机制,以便更好地维护我国对外贸易秩序,推动经济的发展。     

我国频频招致反倾销诉讼原因新论

2001年以来国外对华反倾销数据表明，我国在反倾销问题上的处境在我国加入WTO后日益严峻，尤其是近几年这种状况不仅没有缓解反而愈演愈烈。许多学者都从不同的角度做了解释。但笔者认为这一现象背后的根本原因是国际经济发展的不平衡性，并由此引发了一系列问题。因此要解决反倾销问题，我们应采用内外结合的措施，以内为主，以外为辅。其次，还应处理好经济发展与国外对华反倾销的关系。针对我国的反倾销诉讼在一定程度上也反映出我国在发展中的缺陷。     

How do countries respond to anti‐dumping filings? Dispute settlement and retaliatory anti‐dumping

Empirical studies have found that countries may respond strategically to the anti‐dumping petition filed against their exporters through their own retaliatory actions. Although most previous studies have focused on retaliatory anti‐dumping filings, in this paper we explore another potential avenue for strategic response—filing a complaint under the World Trade Organization's (WTO ) dispute settlement understanding. Using a panel of global anti‐dumping filings between 1995 and 2011, we analyse under what conditions countries will choose to retaliate through either an anti‐dumping petition or a WTO dispute, and to what degree these two strategies are complementary or act as substitutes. We find statistical evidence that countries are more likely to file a WTO dispute when they have also filed a retaliatory anti‐dumping petition, suggesting that these two strategies may be complementary.     

Some Remarks on Reforming WTO AD/CVD Rules

In these remarks, I argue that a plausible reason that anti‐dumping actions are so widely abused for protectionist purposes is that they represent a rare instance of essentially unilateral actions that are permissible within the WTO: under the banner of anti‐dumping actions, governments can block imports and provide their industries with import relief without fear of retaliation or demands for compensation from their trading partners. Cognisant of the great potential for abuse of anti‐dumping actions, the WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VI represents an extraordinarily detailed attempt by WTO member governments to ‘reign in’ this potential through a detailed set of rules governing the acceptable methodologies and procedures for initiating anti‐dumping actions. But as long as the underlying incentives for abuse remain, governments are likely to continue to find new and increasingly ingenious ways to respond to these incentives without running afoul of the rules. To create incentives for the use of anti‐dumping measures that are more in line with a cooperative international environment, I suggest extending WTO compensation provisions to cover anti‐dumping actions. In this way, the WTO might in effect ‘harness retaliation’ and convert it into a tool of international order in the area of anti‐dumping actions.     

加入WTO后中国应对反倾销的几个关键问题

结合加入WTO后中国政府和企业参与国际反倾销斗争的实际,提出了清除针对我国的反倾销贸易壁垒应着重解决的几个关键问题,重点论述了否定“替代国”政策和发挥政府主导作用,建立以国内法为基础的诉讼对抗体制的依据和措施。     

产业损害成因及其对策的研究

加入WTO后,我国出口产品经常受到反倾销、技术壁垒和知识产权等问题的困扰,严重影响了我国产品的出口,而且国外一些产品的倾销也严重损害了我国相关产业的正常发展,这些问题对国民经济的健康发展产生了不良影响。从企业角度分析了反倾销、倾销、技术壁垒和知识产权保护等问题的成因,并在此基础上,提出了应对我国产业损害问题的政策建议。     

Product Heterogeneity and Cost Allocations in Contingent Trade Protection

The WTO allows members to impose contingent protection, including anti‐dumping duties, within agreed constraints. Anti‐dumping proceedings typically name a single captioned product but include large numbers of individual products within that caption. The inclusion of multiple products creates a variety of issues for both anti‐dumping and other contingent protection measures, issues that have been prominent in national actions and WTO dispute settlements, but have been largely ignored in research. This work focuses on the most important such area, the allocation of costs among products in anti‐dumping proceedings. We develop a comprehensive economic analysis for cost allocation issues, and couple it with the accounting tools that must be used for its implementation, to derive the first‐best allocation methods for anti‐dumping purposes. These results have direct relevance in other contingent trade contexts, such as injury determinations and subsidy pass‐through analysis.     

中国遭遇反倾销和对外反倾销的指数比较分析

反倾销作为世贸组织允许各国所采取的一种抵制外来不公平竞争的手段之一,目前已经成为世界各国贸易政策和贸易救济的一个重要组成部分。各国由于经济发展水平、法律体系等方面的因素,在反倾销和遭遇反倾销方面存在着较大的差异,在运用反倾销手段保护本国利益方面也有所不同。本文通过大量数据分析,并构建若干指数,对我国反倾销与遭遇反倾销的情况进行国际比较,说明我国在世界反倾销中的地位,深入分析其特点和原因,最后指出了我国强化反倾销的重要战略意义。     

Anti‐dumping: What are the Numbers to Discuss at Doha?

While tariff barriers have decreased worldwide through various GATT rounds, anti‐dumping has surged to play a crucial role as the most important non‐tariff barrier. After much debate and opposition, anti‐dumping is on the agenda of the Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations and it is one of the most important issues, especially for developing countries as they are the main targets of this policy instrument. With this prospect, it is important to assess the relevance of anti‐dumping not only by focusing on traditional users but by analysing the experience of new users, which are now major players in the field. This paper improves upon existing studies by providing a comprehensive assessment on the use of anti‐dumping. First, data on the time pattern of worldwide implementations of anti‐dumping laws are presented. This time profile shows interesting relationships with legal developments in GATT and WTO dispositions. Second, usual sources of data are complemented with various other sources. This allows the inclusion of recent heavy users like China, Russia, Taiwan and Ukraine, which are ignored in similar studies but important for their trade volumes. This enlarged and updated dataset shows that new users are even more important than previously thought, with implications for the Doha negotiations.     

更倾销之战——内部瓦解

近年来,中国产品出口频频遭受国外反倾销调查和诉讼,中国已经成为反倾销调查和诉讼最多的国家之一.我国学者纷纷提出应对策略.本文就内部瓦解策略进行了论述,包括争取进口商加盟;聘请反倾销提起国的知名律师;充分发动反倾销国的消费者;在国外建立反倾销预警机制.