市场结构约束下医疗服务价格形成机制与政策优化思路研究

在分析中国医疗服务市场结构特征基础上,对当前医疗服务价格的形成机理与逻辑框架进行系统性剖析。医疗服务价格本质上是在市场信息不对称和技术服务差异化约束下,基于多层次市场结构,由政府、医疗服务机构、消费者和医疗支付机构等多方谈判与反复博弈的动态结果。医疗服务价格机制中存在主要的问题表现为：医疗服务项目比价不平衡,技术服务价格扭曲;定价调整机制没有顺应适配需求结构与层次变化;政府投入相对不足导致医疗服务价格形成不充分。针对存在的问题,提出了完善医疗服务成本核算和定价方法,合理引导就医需求;加强对药品、耗材的采购和使用管理,优化医院成本结构;强化与医保政策联动,发挥医保定价、控费、监管作用;建立弹性定价机制,实现医疗服务价格动态调整;加大配套支持力度,保障改革顺利进行等对策策建议。     

煤层气价格形成机制研究

煤层气是一种重要的非常规天然气,是一种新型清洁能源,而理顺煤层气定价机制是资源类公共产品价格改革的核心。本文分析了我国目前煤层气市场定价中存在的问题,并在对政府主导型、市场主导型等各种定价模式比较分析的基础上,构建了煤层气价格形成机制,对我国煤层气产业的发展和其价格的定制具有一定的指导意义。     

物业管理服务价格机制亟待完善

近年来,物业管理作为一个新兴行业已了较快发展,由于物业管理服务收费直接到千家万户的切身利益,已成为社会关注的价格热点。最近,中国经济导报记者采访了山东省物价局局长潘明桓,潘明桓:造成物业管理服务收费不规范的根本原因,是物业管理服务价格形成机制不完善、运行环境差及缺乏有效调控。规范物业管理服务收费秩序,必须建立完善的物业管理服务价格机制。     

中国医疗服务价格形成机制的发展与健全对策

中国医疗服务价格形成在过去70年经历了4个阶段的发展,从政府定价到政府指导价和市场调节价并行,老百姓依然面临"看病难""看病贵"的问题,社会医疗资源未得到充分利用。应借鉴西方发达国家的有益经验,坚持解决"看病难"和"看病贵"同步推进,坚持医院机构去行政化和引入竞争并重,坚持市场形成价格和激励医疗机构降低费用并重,同步推进相关领域的配套改革,不断健全中国医疗服务价格形成机制。     

公用事业价格形成机制研究

市场经济发展到今天,公用事业价格的形成不是由市场或者政府单纯某一方来决定,而是市场与政府共同作用的结果,而在市场方面是企业与消费者之间进行平衡.这样就形成了企业、消费者、政府三方之间对公用事业价格的博弈.     

医疗服务价格形成机制剖析

随着《中共中央、国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见》的出台,县级公立医院改革提上议事日程。建立科学合理的医药价格形成机制势在必行,取消药品加成,提高体现医疗技术和医护人员劳务价值的医疗服务项目价格制定,以及提高医疗服务价格以弥补取消药品加成带来的损失并切实减轻患者医药负担,健全医药价格监测体系,本文分析了原价格体制存在的缺陷并就如何规范医疗服务价格,合理调整政府定价范围,改进定价方法,不断适应人民群众日益增长的医药卫生需求和促进县级医院的发展。     

公共物品价格中的问题与改革策略

公共物品 ,一般属于自然垄断行业提供的自然垄断产品 ,即由一家厂商经营要比多家厂商经营具有更高的效率的产业所提供的产品。如电力、电话、城市用水、用气、铁路等服务物品。一、我国公共物品价格形成中的问题(一 )价格形成主体错位公共物品一般由国家垄断经营 ,其价格由国家直接制定或批准。我国的实际情况是 ,国家在制定公共物品 (指非纯公共物品 )价格时 ,既要考虑其成本的变动 ,保证生产企业获得合理的利润 ,以保证公共物品的供给 ;又要考虑价格变动对其他部门、行业及居民生活的影响 ,增进社会福利 ,致使价格的调整不能及时反映成本…     

我国农产品价格形成机制研究

农产品作为与生活息息相关的消费品,在百姓生活中具有不可替代的基础地位。近年来农产品贸易发展迅速,从个体经营发展到规模化经营,再到逐渐形成农产品市场。由于农产品地位的特殊性,农产品价格关系民生。通过对价格形成理论与农产品零售市场、农产品批发市场的分类研究,总结农产品价格形成机制,对推动我国农产品市场发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Online luxury goods with price discount or onsite luxury goods with luxury services: Role of situation-specific thinking styles and socio-demographics

Today, the luxury goods and service market is growing faster than ever. However, despite its growth, we do not know much about the ways in which consumers choose to shop online or in store when buying luxury goods. We also lack insight into the factors that can affect such luxury consumption decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether consumers prefer to buy luxury goods online at a discounted price or would rather buy luxury goods in store with additional luxury services at a cover price. This study also examines the extent to which such decisions can be driven by their situation-specific thinking styles as well as other socio-demographic variables. The results show that participants adopted a rational thinking style when deciding to buy luxury goods online with price discounts. On the other hand, an experiential thinking style was evoked when participants chose to visit a store offering luxury brands and luxury services. In addition to momentary thinking orientations, gender as well as income were found to be relevant to a consumer's choice in a shopping platform when seeking luxury brands. More details about the study's findings and their implications are discussed below.     

The effect of border barriers to services trade on goods trade

This paper has two objectives (a) to introduce border policy-induced barriers (PIBs) to services trade and (b) analyse the impact of border PIBs in services sectors on goods trade. The World Input-Output Database covering 43 countries is used over the period 2000–14. A three-stage analysis is employed. The measures of bilateral services trade barriers calculated in each services sector in the first stage are decomposed into its cultural/geographic and policy-induced parts in the second stage. Border PIBs to services trade are used in the structural gravity estimations of bilateral goods trade in the final stage. The results demonstrate significant and robust adverse effects of barriers to services trade on goods trade. When the level of development is taken into consideration, there are marked differences in the impact of these barriers on goods trade.     

The impact of advertising on consumer price sensitivity in experience goods markets

In this paper we use Nielsen scanner panel data on four categories of consumer goods to examine how TV advertising and other marketing activities affect the demand curve facing a brand. Advertising can affect consumer demand in many different ways. Becker and Murphy (Quarterly Journal of Economics 108:941–964, 1993) have argued that the “presumptive case” should be that advertising works by raising marginal consumers’ willingness to pay for a brand. This has the effect of flattening the demand curve, thus increasing the equilibrium price elasticity of demand and the lowering the equilibrium price. Thus, “advertising is profitable not because it lowers the elasticity of demand for the advertised good, but because it raises the level of demand.” Our empirical results support this conjecture on how advertising shifts the demand curve for 17 of the 18 brands we examine. There have been many prior studies of how advertising affects two equilibrium quantities: the price elasticity of demand and/or the price level. Our work is differentiated from previous work primarily by our focus on how advertising shifts demand curves as a whole. As Becker and Murphy pointed out, a focus on equilibrium prices or elasticities alone can be quite misleading. Indeed, in many instances, the observation that advertising causes prices to fall and/or demand elasticities to increase, has misled authors into concluding that consumer “price sensitivity” must have increased, meaning the number of consumers’ willing to pay any particular price for a brand was reduced—perhaps because advertising makes consumers more aware of substitutes. But, in fact, a decrease in the equilibrium price is perfectly consistent with a scenario where advertising actually raises each individual consumer’s willingness to pay for a brand. Thus, we argue that to understand how advertising affects consumer price sensitivity one needs to estimate how it shifts the whole distribution of willingness to pay in the population. This means estimating how it shifts the shape of the demand curve as a whole, which in turn means estimating a complete demand system for all brands in a category—as we do here. We estimate demand systems for toothpaste, toothbrushes, detergent and ketchup. Across these categories, we find one important exception to conjecture that advertising should primarily increase the willingness to pay of marginal consumers. The exception is the case of Heinz ketchup. Heinz advertising has a greater positive effect on the WTP of infra-marginal consumers. This is not surprising, because Heinz advertising focuses on differentiating the brand on the “thickness” dimension. This is a horizontal dimension that may be highly valued by some consumers and not others. The consumers who most value this dimension have the highest WTP for Heinz, and, by focusing on this dimension; Heinz advertising raises the WTP of these infra-marginal consumers further. In such a case, advertising is profitable because it reduces the market share loss that the brand would suffer from any given price increase. In contrast, in the other categories we examine, advertising tends to focus more on vertical attributes.

The effect of income growth on the mix of purchases between disposable goods and reusable goods

With each passing year consumers find more and more disposable goods for sale in the market place. Even goods that were considered to be reusable goods just a few years back are now disposable goods. As a result the American economy has been labelled a ‘throwaway society’. This paper examines a main underlying cause for this trend by linking growth in consumer income with the purchases of disposable goods. More specifically, the model proposes that as incomes rise, consumers will purchase more of both reusable goods and disposable goods. However, as incomes rise, consumers will naturally substitute purchases away from reusable goods and into disposable goods. The shift towards disposable goods occurs because it becomes too costly for consumers to spend their time repairing and maintaining products. Their time is better spent in more productive endeavours. It is simply cheaper (in terms of opportunity cost of time) to dispose of old products and replace them with new products.     

A unifying view of goods and services supply chain management

Ambiguities in the constructs that are the building blocks of research may have hindered advancement of service operations knowledge/research. To alleviate this situation, the authors identify similarities and differences between goods and services to inform a view of constructs (e.g. inventory, capacity, and Bullwhip effect) that are equivalent and are of relevance to both sectors. A unifying paradigm that allows transference of ideas across the two broad sectors is proposed and illustrated with case studies.     

公共文化服务财政机制研究综述

公共文化服务的提供应由公共财政负责,相应的财政机制更应完善。从多视角将当前国内众多研究对公共文化服务方面财政机制的看法与反映进行总结,探讨这些层面研究的内涵、可参考性,认为在机制细节理论设计方面有不完善之处,通过调研全面考察、研究可以完善我国财政机制。     

粮食价格与居民消费价格水平联动效应研究

明晰粮食价格与居民消费价格水平之间的关系意义重大。基于1979—2020年中国粮食价格和居民消费价格水平年度数据,运用向量误差修正模型和Granger因果分析,对粮食价格与居民消费价格水平间的关系进行实证分析。结果表明:短期内,居民消费价格水平对粮食价格的影响远大于粮食价格对居民消费价格水平的影响,居民消费价格水平变动与粮食价格变动之间存在单向Granger因果关系;长期看,两者之间存在双向Granger因果关系。根据研究结论,提出了加强粮食价格和居民消费价格监测、稳定粮食价格水平、加大市场调控等对策建议。     

Research on satisfaction recovery from service failure due to attitude defect and unfair price: A dynamic and longitudinal evaluation model based on customer win-back management

Customer win-back is a cognitive process of satisfaction changing from a low level to a high level with service recovery strategies as the stimulus. Because prior research tends to view service recovery strategies as a static antecedent, it is difficult to analyze and observe how the recovery strategies affect satisfaction and repurchase intention dynamically. Moreover, not enough attention has been directed to the relationship between reasons of customer loss and recovery strategies. This research conducted a field experiment involving a 2 × 2 between-subjects design (defects of service attitude and unfair price × tangible recovery and intangible recovery strategies). From a longitudinal and dynamic perspective, this study has produced the following key results: First, there are significant differences in satisfaction and purchase intention between the four groups categorized by specific reasons of customer loss. Second, recovery strategies may have non-linear effects on customer’s satisfaction. Lastly, based on the prospect theory and disappointment theory, we discuss important managerial implications of the function curves fitted between customer satisfactory (before customer loss and after implementation of customer winback strategy) and purchase intention.     

Analyzing price and product strategies with a comprehensive system dynamics model—A case study from the capital goods industry

Price reductions and/or product enhancements are widely seen as appropriate ways to increase market share. However, the key findings of this analysis demonstrate the opposite: decreases in price combined with product enhancements can lead to substantial loss in sales revenue and, ultimately, profit. The discussion draws on findings from a comprehensive system dynamics model, which has been developed in a major company in the capital goods industry. The purpose of this research is to analyze the price and product strategies in the capital goods industry. In the case company, testing intuitive beliefs with the help of a formal system dynamics model proved to be beneficial in the strategic decision-making process. The model had a significant impact on the case company, especially when challenging basic assumptions about mechanisms of markets and competition.     

城镇开发PPP项目价格调整机制研究

随着我国城镇化快速发展,城镇开发建设投资巨大,存在较大的资金缺口,依托PPP模式,吸引社会资本参与城镇开发,有利于解决地方政府财政资金缺口,提高社会资源配置效率,有效推进新型城镇化。回报机制是城镇开发项目的核心,要兼顾不同类型项目和社会资本收益情况,设计合理的调价机制。