The holdout problem and urban sprawl: Experimental evidence

Conventional wisdom as well as economic theory suggests it is more costly to reassemble fragmented land due to transactions costs and strategic bargaining costs. Both costs are expected to increase with the number of sellers. Inefficient allocation of land resources may result including property entropy (Parisi, 2002), urban sprawl (Miceli and Sirmans, 2007) and deteriorating inner cities. Given the difficulty of observing actual values attached by buyers and sellers to land, little empirical evidence exists to support the conventional wisdom and theoretical work. We use experimental methods to examine transactions costs and strategic bargaining costs in a land-assembly market game with one buyer, 1-4 sellers, and complementary exchanges. The buyer’s final earnings vary inversely with the number of sellers, ceteris paribus, indicating an incentive to purchase consolidated land. Delay costs reduce holdout, but result in lower payoffs for both buyers and sellers. Competition between sellers reduces holdout and the buyer’s total purchase price.     

Property tax and urban sprawl: Theory and implications for US cities

We develop a model that adopts a log-linear utility function with a variable elasticity of substitution greater than one and show that increasing the property tax reduces city size unambiguously. We then test this result using a dataset of effective property tax rates we developed using GIS methods for 448 urbanized areas. The empirical analysis estimates a regression equation relating an urbanized area's size to the property tax rate measure and other control variables such as population, income, agricultural rent, and transportation expenditure. We find that higher property taxes indeed result in smaller cities.     

国外城市蔓延研究综述

在阐述国外城市蔓延内涵与特征的基础上,从城市蔓延的影响因素、城市蔓延对环境的影响、控制城市蔓延的政策和城市蔓延研究方法等几个方面,对国外城市蔓延研究进行了归纳总结与简要评价。     

国外城市蔓延研究进展

在对国外关于"城市蔓延"概念的界定进行综述的基础上,对"城市蔓延"的成本效益、肌理、定量化方法及其对环境的影响进行分析,最后得出对我国城市化的有益启示。     

绿色基础设施与城市蔓延控制

美国的绿色基础设施是保护土地资源和控制城市蔓延的开放空间网络,代表着一种较新的精明保护思想.在系统论述其概念原理、研究方法和实施管理途径的基础上,探讨了绿色基础设施理论对我国相关研究和保护规划的借鉴价值.     

物业税与城市蔓延之关系研究述评

对城市蔓延的相关问题作了简要综述,并重点介绍了研究物业税与城市蔓延间关系的国内外文献。物业税与城市蔓延的理论研究和实证分析都说明,物业税与城市空间形态特别是城市规模之间存在着紧密的联系。指出应当从城市资源空间配置的角度开展更多物业税方面的研究,并在中国现有房地产市场中实践。     

西方城市蔓延和理性增长研究综述

城市理性增长已被西方大多数学者所接受。论文回顾了西方学者关于城市蔓延的度量、蔓延机制、蔓延后果、理性增长管理等方面的研究,认为城市蔓延和理性增长的研究内容和方法越来越趋向于完善,建议措施越来具有可操作性和更有针对性。我国以土地低密度开发为特征的城市蔓延随处可见,借鉴西方成功的研究思路、研究方法及对策研究,将有效地避免蔓延所产生的严重后果。     

美国都市空间蔓延中的城乡冲突与统筹

20世纪后半叶美国等西方国家经历了逆城市化和都市蔓延,分散开发建设模式致使大量的农田被侵蚀,农业生产用地和产业链的连续性遭到破坏.由于传统规划在理念和技术方法上都无法应对这一问题,所以在这一背景下一些政府和学者展开了建设开发和农业保护的城乡统筹研究.首先对城乡冲突的问题和传统规划的缺陷进行分析,然后对地块开发引导、开发权转让等城乡统筹的主要技术手段进行描述,并针对我国的城乡发展和规划问题进行剖析.通过对美国城乡统筹的研究,力求为我国目前城市化快速发展时期的城乡问题提供参考和借鉴.     

从无序蔓延到精明增长--美国"城市增长边界"概念述评

对美国"城市增长边界"的概念及相关内容进行了介绍与评述,并针对中国城市规划现状中的一些问题进行了分析,提出相应的思考与建议.     

Land use externalities, open space preservation, and urban sprawl

Parcel data on residential land conversion are used to investigate how land use externalities influence the rate of development and modify policies designed to manage urban growth and preserve open space. Several “smart growth” policies are found to significantly influence land conversion, including a development clustering policy that concentrates development and generates preserved open space. In addition to directly affecting a parcel's hazard rate of conversion, this policy is found to affect neighboring parcels' conversion by generating a positive open space externality that hastens their development. The implication that the clustering policy could generate a more sprawled pattern of development is explored using spatial simulation.     

从"城市蔓延"到"理性增长"——美国土地利用方式之转变

从美国郊区化与城市蔓延的典型特征入手,简要回顾了理性增长产生的背景.在此基础上,从内城贫困、居住隔离、空间失衡和公正健康四个层面分析了城市蔓延引发的社会及经济后果.随后就若干论点介绍了城市蔓延与理性增长之间的理论之争.最后借鉴美国经验教训,对我国城市化道路和土地利用模式展开思考,认为要转变方式,树立科学的区域发展观;借鉴西方城市健康的分析框架,努力探索"健康城市规划";充分发挥规划政策在应对城市土地利用问题的综合调控作用;公平公正,追求社会稳定和谐,发挥政府力量对市场扭曲的矫正作用.     

Strategies for local and regional NGO development: combining sustainable outcomes with sustainable organizations

This paper addresses the issue of the development of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the problem of how to combine sustainable outcomes from activities with sustainable organizations. It seeks to blend concept with practice via the development and application of a model of the NGO as an entrepreneurial organization. The context is that of the experience of (and work undertaken with) the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) funded Competency-based Economies through the Formation of Enterprise (CEFE) Network of NGOs in South Africa. The paper argues that viewing NGOs as entrepreneurial small organizations with a focus upon dynamic stakeholder network development, entrepreneurial management, strategic business development, and strategic alliance building is the key to the much sought after combination of sustainable outcomes and organization. After briefly reviewing some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the role of NGOs in small enterprise development and the context of the operation of the CEFE Network of NGOs in South Africa, a model of entrepreneurial NGOs is proposed and then applied to South African CEFE Networks. In the conclusion a final outline of NGO sustainability criteria is offered and implications for donor approaches are briefly explored.     

论城市改造的谨慎更新理论与实践——以柏林为例

城市改造是城市研究与实践中一个极具争议性的论题。本文以德国首都柏林市的城市改造为例,梳理、分析了"谨慎更新"理念形成的脉络及其实践含义,着重考察了从大拆大建向谨慎更新转变过程中所蕴含的有关城市发展理念和政治经济格局等多重因素的相互作用,以期对我国的城市改造有所启示。     

行政性分权下的城市空间结构演变研究

城市空间结构一直是城市规划学科研究的核心,地理学、社会学、政治学、生态学等相关学科也均从不同角度给予了高度的关注,取得了长足的进展。我国城市的空间结构在共有国际城市空间结构变化特点的同时,具有自身鲜明的特征,正是对这一特征的探索,亦成为中国特色城镇化理论的重要组成部分,基于分权视角的城市空间结构研究正是一次有益的尝试。本文在对分权和行政性分权做出界定的基础上,从权力的空间配置和政府的空间生产两个方面探讨了城市空间结构演变的内在机制和外在动力,并总结了行政性分权下的城市空间结构演变趋势。     

西方城市蔓延治理路径演变分析

在阐述西方城市蔓延发生背景的基础上,系统分析了西方治理城市蔓延的路径及其变迁.     

数字城市系统与城市可持续发展

从系统工程的角度研究数字城市的内涵及功能,建立从城市基础数据资源到宏观政策法规的数字城市系统模型,为城市可持续发展理论提供方法与工具.     

"大车轮"还是"小车轮":艰难的抉择

一、"车轮"的选择 近代文明是在车轮上发展的.如果离开了滚动的车轮,即离开了交通,文明的发展肯定会受到重大的阻碍.人们把历史的发展,比喻成历史的车轮向前滚动,是很贴切的.而城市的发展与车轮--交通的关系同样十分密切.众所周知,离开了车轮,城市就会瘫痪,因此城市的可持续发展,离不开车轮.     

土地政策和城市住房发展

本文首先分析了北京的住房市场 ,然后对住房价格的构成及其变化进行了分析 ,结合微观经济学理论 ,总结出北京市房价高的原因 ,即 ,(1)房地产开发过程中没有不变成本 ,因而没有规模经济 ;(2 )根据基准地价系统 ,容积率决定地价 ,这一方面与西方城市经济学理论相悖 ,另一方面使房地产商没有经济利益驱动 ,资源没有得到合理强度地利用。最后 ,本文提出了进一步改革的建议和对策。     

Exclusionary policies in urban development: Under-servicing migrant households in Brazilian cities

Localities in developed countries often enact regulations to deter low-income households from moving in. In developing countries, such restrictions lead to the emergence of informal housing sectors. To deter low-income migrants, localities in developing countries withhold public services to the informal housing sector. Using a large sample of Brazilian localities, we examine migration and exclusion, focusing on the public provision of water to small houses where low-income migrants are likely to live. Withholding water connections reduces the locality growth rate, particularly of low-education households. In terms of service provision, during dictatorship in Brazil, we find evidence of strategic exclusion, where localities appear to withhold services to deter in-migration. We also find evidence of strategic interactions among localities within metro areas in their setting of service levels: if one locality provides more services to migrant households, other localities respond by withholding service.     

Procurement of logistics services and sustainable development in Europe: Fields of activity and empirical results

This paper strives to answer the general question; how far purchasers of logistics services take into account aspects of sustainable development. Modeled on the German Sustainable Development Strategy, which is based on the EU Sustainable Development plan, five fields of activity are defined: the reduction of transport intensity and emission, the reduction of land use, the choice of carrier under consideration of sustainable aspects, the permanent improvement of working conditions, and the enhancement of qualified employment. Then, propositions for purchasing companies of logistics services are developed, which contribute to safeguard ecological as well as social sustainability. In order to conduct an explorative study, a questionnaire was sent to 750 purchase and logistics managers. It was found that purchasing companies place high value on ecological and social aspects. But the perceived importance is not associated with purchasing companies' own contributions to logistics service providers' sustainable activities. Additionally, it was seen that purchasing companies exert only a minor influence on logistics service providers regarding ecologically and socially sustainable actions. A fundamental precondition for a sustainably oriented procurement of logistics services can be seen in the purchasing companies' awareness of the need for integrating sustainable aspects in economic decisions.