Bank ownership and governance quality in India: Evolution and detection of convergence clubs

Utilizing a novel panel dataset for the period from 2009 to 2018, this paper investigates how the corporate governance of Indian banks has evolved since the post-global crisis and identifies convergence clubs among banks in distinct ownership groups. It also presents optimal policy priorities for specific aspects of corporate governance. To assess the quality of bank corporate governance, we used a non-parametric “Benefit-of-the-Doubt” (BoD) approach to create a bank-wise composite index of corporate governance based on 48 governance norms. Empirical results have shown that while Indian banks have made remarkable progress in adhering to the mostly mandatory corporate governance norms in the past few years, but their current level of governance isn’t adequate to characterize it as a “socially-efficient” structure. A typical public bank generally prioritized maintaining adequate disclosure and transparency, by and large, while a private bank focuses more spotlight on audit function, followed by risk management and board quality. The results based on Phillips and Sul’s (2007, 2009) clustering and merging algorithms reveal two convergent clubs in the private banking segment and a sole club in the public sector banking segment.     

The ethics of corporate governance in public sector organizations

The current climate of increased accountability in public sector organizations has brought to public attention the ethical dimension of corporate governance. This article presents a conceptually informed method for undertaking of an ethically focused audit corporate governance. The conceptual-theoretical terrain is set out in three dimensions: ethics as applied moral philosophy; equity as social justice; and corporate governance as the moral health of an organization. At an operational level, the conceptual model proposed provides a framework to evaluate the overall integrity of an organization and embraces the inter-related themes of individual responsibility, social equity and political responsibility. A method for ethical audits is also set out. It emphasizes the significance of key personnel in (re)producing and challenging the organizational ethos, while recognizing the necessary limitations placed on researchers' commitment to anonymity and confidentiality in the collection, interpretation and analysis of data, and in the eventual sharing of such data.     

国有商业银行内外治理机制现状与评析

公司治理机制可分为内部治理机制和外部治理机制。内外部治理机制的关联耦合性是理解公司治理的关键和优化公司治理的“钥匙”。国有商业银行内部治理机制包括股东大会的决议机制、董事的产生与罢免机制、董事会的决议机制、监事的产生与监事会的决议机制和高级管理人员的产生、激励与约束机制;外部治理机制包括市场机制、法律机制和监管机制。国有银行内外治理的优化必须建立在清晰理解其内外治理机制的关联性并协调处理这两种治理机制关系的基础上。     

Monitoring and governance of private banks

In this paper I examine regulation and corporate governance mechanisms at a sample of non-publicly traded state member banks in 2006. Using a simultaneous regression approach, results show that insider representation on the board has a positive influence on both director and executive compensation in commercial banks. Regulatory ratings, however, are only related to bank performance—not to board structure or compensation schemes. This may be attributed to less information asymmetry between managers and owners at private banks. Also, directors are rewarded for strong CAMELS ratings. The governance structure of private banks is not affected by regulatory ratings; however, the percent of insiders on the board influences actions of the board to a large extent.     

The role of the board and the audit committee in corporate risk management

This paper examines the impact of corporate governance on corporate risk-management activities in S&P 500 firms over the period 2004–2010 by measuring the characteristics of the board directors and audit committee. Our results show that the board of directors, especially the audit committee, plays an important role in the firm’s hedging decisions, including whether to hedge and to what extent. Such evidence is even stronger in high-leveraged firms with large risk-shifting incentives. These results are robust to the consideration of endogenous concerns, a board corporate governance index, and industrial effects. Our study contributes to the literature by showing the influential role of the audit committee on corporate risk management.     

商业银行公司治理评价体系研究

对商业银行公司治理进行评价,有利于商业银行评估与有效防范风险。公司治理质量的高低是商业银行改制的关键,构建商业银行公司治理评价体系具有重要的现实意义。本文在分析商业银行公司治理的特殊性和商业银行公司治理存在问题的基础上,试图构建我国商业银行公司治理评价体系,以完善我国商业银行的公司治理。     

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF BANKS: A SURVEY

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the corporate governance of banks. We start by highlighting the main differences between banks and nonfinancial firms and focus on three characteristics that make banks special: (i) regulation, (ii) the capital structure of banks, and (iii) the complexity and opacity of their business and structure. Next, we discuss the characteristics of corporate governance in banks and how they differ from the governance of nonfinancial firms. We then review the evidence on three governance mechanisms: (i) boards, (ii) ownership structures, and (iii) executive compensation. Our review suggests that some of the empirical regularities found in the literature on corporate governance of nonfinancial institutions, such as the positive (negative) association between board independence (size) and performance, do not hold for banks. Also, existing work provides no conclusive results regarding the relationship between different governance mechanisms and various measures for banks’ performance. We discuss potential explanations for these mixed results.     

江西省村镇银行发展中的问题及对策研究——以南康赣商村镇银行为例

江西省村镇银行业经过四年发展,对解决农村金融市场供需矛盾,提升农村金融机构服务水平起到了推动作用,但在运行中也出现了一些较为严重的问题,影响了江西省村镇银行业的持续稳定发展。村镇银行产生问题的原因主要在两方面：一方面是村镇银行自身的市场定位不清、金融创新不足、人员素质偏低、风险控制缺位、公司治理存在缺陷等内在因素;另一方面是政府缺乏支持村镇银行发展的清晰规划,监管机构未形成有针对性的监管框架,农村地区信用体系不健全等外在环境。因此,需要村镇银行通过改善业务经营和公司治理以形成有利的微观环境,同时政府应加大政策扶持力度,形成有利的宏观环境,最终促进江西省村镇银行业健康持续发展。     

对国有商业银行公司治理结构改革思路的探索

中国入世给国有商业银行带来了前所未有的挑战和机遇,国有商业银行如何在规范中求发展,在竞争中寻合作,改革和完善公司治理结构,文章在对国有商业银行公司治理结构现存问题进行分析的基础上,提出了改革思路。     

Mixed ownership of industrial firms in Japan: debt financing,banks and vertical keiretsu groups

In the 1980s, Japanese bank-driven corporate governance practices were often said to be part of the explanation for Japan’s economic success. However, these practices became suspected causes of Japan’s continuing recession following the burst of the financial bubble in 1990. Since then Japanese banks have suffered from increasing numbers of non-performing loans. Consequently, banks have become less able to act as the benefactors for Japanese firms. In response to the reduced supply of bank loans, Japanese firms have been exploring issuing corporate bonds and other types of public debt as alternative methods of debt financing. The objective of this paper is to examine empirically how Japanese manufacturers have responded to the deteriorating financial conditions of Japanese banks from a corporate finance perspective. In particular, we are interested in knowing whether Japanese banks’ involvement in corporate governance has declined with the increase in public debt issuances. Our empirical results seem to suggest that Japanese banks play a significant role in their client firms’ issuances of public debt and hence continue to play a significant role in corporate governance.     

基于公司治理视角的我国上市银行风险控制能力实证分析

本文以我国上市的16家银行为研究对象,根据其2013年半年度报告,基于公司治理视角,选取9个具有代表性的指标,利用SPSS19.0软件对我国上市银行风险控制能力进行因子分析。实证结果表明,基于选定的指标和数据,各种机制的重要性按递减顺序为:内部治理中的股东治理机制、外部治理中的资本充足率监管机制和信息披露机制、内部治理中的董事会治理机制。为提高风险控制能力,加强和完善我国上市银行公司治理,应从优化银行股权结构、强化监管机制、重视境外战略投资者、完善治理机制方面作出努力。     

Corporate Governance and Accruals Earnings Management

This study examines the association between corporate governance and accruals earnings management using a corporate governance index consisting of 55 individual corporate governance measures. Prior literature has focused primarily on certain individual corporate governance measures, overlooking the multidimensional character of corporate governance. Based on a sample of firms listed on the Athens, Milan and Madrid Stock Exchanges, we find an inverse relationship between corporate governance and earnings management. Corporate governance provisions seem to constrain the tendency of management to manage earnings leading to higher credibility for financial statements. Additional tests suggest that the negative relationship holds for large and middle capitalization firms but not for the small capitalization sample. In addition, corporate governance provisions limit upwards but not downwards earnings management. This study emphasizes the multilevel character of corporate governance and suggests the usage of comprehensive measures of corporate governance in the academic research. This study also stresses the importance of introducing corporate governance mechanisms in order to ensure the integrity of the financial reporting process. Practitioners are expected to evaluate the corporate governance provisions that each firm has put in place, whereas policy makers are expected to mandate the application of a wide range of corporate governance mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

股份制商业银行效率指标体系研究

商业银行运行效率是商业银行综合实力的体现。影响我国商业银行运行效率水平的因素主要包括盈利性状况、稳定性状况和公司治理状况。本文结合实证分析.提出一种新的我国股份制商业银行运行效率水平评价指标体系,结果表明各股份制商业银行效率差异较大;稳定性状况是目前决定股份制商业银行运行效率的重要因素,其次是赢利性与公司治理状况。此外,本文对股份制商业银行的未来发展提出了分析和建议。     

Russia's Evolving Corporate Governance in the Cultural Context

Abstract

The paper explores evolution and current state of the Russian corporate governance in cultural context. Russia has a relatively short history of corporate governance, and securities market and stock capital play a less significant role, compared to the West. The evolution of culture and corporate governance is analyzed in a comparative setting. Under the Soviet framework, business and corporate developments were non-existent or severely restricted. The post-Soviet capitalism is characterized by dynamic and turbulent developments in corporate governance and business culture. The paper examines the Russian findings from the recent international studies of culture and explores cultural impact on corporate governance in the country.     

股票期权计划的行为激励契约本质：基于经济、道德和行为三维视角的思考

股票期权计划(SOP)作为公司治理激励约束机制,SOP借助牛市频频爆出个人的瞬时巨富神话;而当遭遇金融风暴重创其赖以依存的资本市场后就陷入困境。2009年AIG、美林银行等深陷金融沼泽的金融机构将政府救济金以兑现以往的SOP为由分发,从而将SOP再次推上争议的浪尖。我国自20世纪90年代末引入SOP至今,其激励效果始终不甚明朗,而此次金融危机暴露出的薪酬贫富两极化趋势也引发国内外民众对SOP激励效果的质疑。究其原因,除却外因的作用,还在于欠缺对SOP本质的全面理解,只偏执于激发受约人财富欲望的股票期权计划势必埋下导致激励过度或激励扭曲的隐患。本文从经济效果、道德伦理和行为能力三维视角出发,从人本层面重新审视股票期权计划的本质,以求得其作为一种行为激励契约的解答,进而探求其在我国现有情境下得以有效应用可能。     

会计管制与公司治理

本文从企业契约理论出发,在回顾会计管制国际经验的基础上,将会计管制引入对公司治理问题的思考,指出了会计管制目标的实现对解决公司治理问题的重要性。其不仅要求反思会计管制理论与实践,同时要求在具体分析公司治理模式的基础上,重新思考会计管制的目标及其实现问题。提出应从现行公司治理框架下改进会计管制措施,从而实现会计管制与公司治理的良性互动。     

浅析会计信息系统在治理公司、公司管理中的作用

本文在公司治理与管理整合的框架中,对会计的作用与地位做了全面论述:会计信息系统一条纽带将公司治理与管理系统联系在一起,会计信息系统保证治理与管理系统正常运转的根本;同时,会计信息要想发挥作用,会计系统要想完善,就需要公司治理结构、严密的组织管理及企业内部科学对其的控制与引导。     

Are managers agents or stewards of their principals?

Agency theory has been the dominant framework for a theoretical conceptualization of corporate governance. According to this view, the governance problem of uncertainty about managerial behavior can be solved by assuming opportunistic behavior and setting up governance mechanisms to curtail opportunism. However, the adequacy of agency theory has recently been challenged because distrust-based governance mechanisms that are in line with the theory’s recommendations have been ineffective to avoid managerial misconduct. Moreover, agency-based control and incentive systems have even been accused of being harmful. Stewardship theory has been proposed as an alternative approach. Building on a contrasting assumption about managerial behavior, this approach recommends trust-based governance designs that may, however, result in a one-sided and potentially disadvantageous system, too. On the basis of an in-depth analysis and critique of both theories this paper explores ways to either separate or combine the rival approaches. Due to shortcomings of these strategies a new perspective for the design of corporate governance systems is presented that opens the possibility of overcoming the theoretical tension.     

Measuring Knowledge Development and Developing Official Statistics for the Information Age

Measuring knowledge development is a new statistical activity that warrants urgent attention in the light of the current Internet explosion. The Internet creates virtual networks by connecting information nodes, knowledge nexus, people and institutions. The Internet has resulted in an unprecedented proliferation of Information, Communication, Knowledge and Entertainment (ICKE), which has in turn brought about structural changes in all aspects of social, economic and political governance. For public policy formulators, including the statistical community, it is imperative that the knowledge development aspect of ICKE be measured. Being abstract, knowledge is difficult to quantify. However, the manifestations of attributes and variables of any knowledge development activity are measurable. The paper outlines a conceptual framework for achieving this. This proposed framework adopts a socio-technological approach, premised on contemporary information and knowledge development as an integral of the people and technology dimensions. To illustrate the workability of the proposed model, the paper identifies some parameters and variables in the current statistical system, and highlights some new data generated via the Internet Subscriber Study and ICT Exposition Visitor Study. All illustrations refer to Malaysian data. Finally, the paper outlines 'way forward' initiatives for establishing a full-fledged set of information and knowledge development indicators.     

The influence of relational experience and contractual governance on the negotiation strategy in buyer–supplier disputes

This paper theoretically refines and empirically extends the debate on the type of interplay between relational experience and contractual governance in an under-researched area: supply chain disputes. We define relational experience as either cooperative or competitive; distinguish between control and coordination functions of contractual governance; and assess their interplay on the negotiation strategy used in disputes. Using a unique data set of buyer–supplier disputes, we find, in particular that increasing contractual control governance weakens the positive effect of cooperative relational experience on cooperative negotiation strategy. However, increasing contractual control governance for a buyer–supplier dyad with competitive relational experience will increase cooperative negotiation strategy. Contractual coordination governance reinforces the positive effect of cooperative relational experience. Through this study, we reach a better understanding of how and when contractual and relational governance dimensions interact; rather than whether they act as substitutes or complements as has been studied in prior research. We discuss the implications of these findings for the field of supply chain management.