Variable temptations and black mark reputations

Reputations often guide sequential decisions to trust and to reward trust. We consider situations where each player is randomly matched with a partner in every period. One player – the truster – decides whether to trust. If trusted, the other player – the temptee – has a temptation to betray. The strength of temptation, private information to the temptee, varies across encounters. Betrayals are recorded as publicly known black marks. First, we identify equilibria when players only condition on the number of a temptee's black marks. Second, we show that conditioning on the number of interactions as well as on the number of black marks does not prolong trust. Third, we examine stochastic variations where black marks may be forgotten. Perhaps surprisingly, such variations do not improve outcomes. Fourth, when players condition on more general summary statistics of a temptee's past, we study equilibria where trust is suspended temporarily.     

Social norms and trust among strangers

We study the development of a social norm of trust and reciprocity among a group of strangers via the “contagious strategy” as defined in Kandori (1992). Over an infinite horizon, the players anonymously and randomly meet each other and play a binary trust game. In order to provide the investors with proper incentives to follow the contagious strategy, there is a sufficient condition that requires that there exists an outside option for the investors. Moreover, the investorsʼ payoff from the outside option must converge to the payoff from trust and reciprocity as the group size goes to infinity. We show that this sufficient condition is also a necessary condition to sustain any sequential equilibrium in which the trustees adopt the contagious strategy. Our results imply that a contagious equilibrium only supports trust if trust contributes almost nothing to the investorsʼ payoffs.     

电子商务环境下消费者信任研究述评

信任不仅是传统营销中影响消费者行为的一个重要因素,而且在网络营销中更加重要。在线消费者信任即电子商务中消费者对网站及其运营商的信任。在线信任的形成经历了从缺乏信任到初始信任、再到高度信任的过程,可分为探索阶段与承诺阶段,相应形成了最初信任与持续信任。在线信任的前提要素可以分为五类,对最初信任与持续信任的影响度不同。通过对在线信任研究的评述,以期对网上零售商的经营提供信任方面的理论依据。     

家族企业信任治理的相机选择

华人家族企业的特殊信任是基于忠诚原则上的私人信任。用布赖恩特(Bryant)协调博弈来描述信任,家族主义信任可能形成最优的帕累托协调博弈结果,能较好解决代理中的信任问题,但不能或难以解决随着组织规模或交易的复杂性增加时出现的代理能力不足问题。信任治理的相机选择,则取决于信任在特定文化制度环境下的治理成本结构。必须弱化家族主义信任,加强社会普遍信任环境、制度的建设。     

基于网络信任惯例的众创团队簇协作能力互信机制研究

基于众创团队簇多阶段信任关联中存在的主体地位差异性、信任情景不确定等问题,以网络信任惯例为切入点,系统提出了团队簇协作能力互信机制分析框架。以网络信任惯例研究的复杂节点信任行为、循环交互信任模式和拓展演化信任路径为分析维度,从多团队协作互信存在的多主体、多阶段、动态性信任情景出发,总结了协作能力互信机制的概念,并梳理出机制研究关注的多元信任对象、动态信任基础以及信任机制的长效稳定性导向。借助和谐主题辨析的EOL模型,归纳出多团队协作创新在初创期、发展期和转型期面临的知识位势、角色互惠以及能力跃迁要求下的协作能力互信主题,构建了包括面向初创期认知信任、发展期结构信任以及转型期情感信任在内的互信机制,拓展了网络惯例内涵的应用范围,解构了团队簇协作能力互信的概念特征和问题导向,基于和谐主题辨析方法,丰富了协作信任效应的研究思路,对建立完善复杂动态竞争环境中的多团队间创新信任协作机制具有一定参考价值。     

从被动到主动 ——关系型信任及其对企业合作的影响

社会的变迁使我国社会结构和利益关系发生了巨大的变化,社会主体之间的关系型信任也有很大的改变。本文通过深入的实证研究,揭示了关系型信任的结构、来源以及对企业合作的影响。研究结果表明,关系型信任中的主动型信任是在被动型信任的基础上发展而来的,企业合作关系的建立主要依赖于主动型信任而非被动型信任。良好的声誉有利于建立被动型信任,有助于企业选择合作伙伴,企业间沟通和互惠对主动型信任有显著的积极影响,最终促进企业间的持续合作。本文的研究不仅丰富了关系型信任理论,也为企业在管理实践中建立和改进与合作伙伴之间的信任关系提供了有益的借鉴。     

基于云模型的需求端粮食供应链信任研究

信任有助于企业间的合作,不同信任类型的选择会产生不同的合作效率。运用云模型对需求端粮食供应链企业间的信任度进行评价,帮助选择合适的信任类型。利用信任决策逻辑证明信任类型选择的正确性。研究结果表明:粮食加工方和粮食生产者的关系型信任处于较高信任等级,计算型信任处于较低信任等级,应选择关系型信任;粮食加工方和粮食经销方的关系型信任处于较低信任等级,计算型信任处于较高信任等级,应选择计算型信任。信任决策逻辑的分析验证了研究结果的正确性。     

The role of trust in the 2008 financial crisis

Financial transactions require trust. This paper analyzes the role of trust in the context of the 2008 financial crisis. In order to find a role for trust, we need to find a role for trust in a standard economic model which differs from the rational expectation of the equilibrium outcome. It is argued that trust dropped dramatically in the Fall of 2008. The consequences and effects of this drop in trust are discussed.     

Implications of trust, fear, and reciprocity for modeling economic behavior

This paper reports three experiments with triadic or dyadic designs. The experiments include the moonlighting game in which first-mover actions can elicit positively or negatively reciprocal reactions from second movers. First movers can be motivated by trust in positive reciprocity or fear of negative reciprocity, in addition to unconditional other-regarding preferences. Second movers can be motivated by unconditional other-regarding preferences as well as positive or negative reciprocity. The experimental designs include control treatments that discriminate among actions with alternative motivations. Data from our three experiments and a fourth one are used to explore methodological questions, including the effects on behavioral hypothesis tests of within-subjects vs. across-subjects designs, single-blind vs. double-blind payoffs, random vs. dictator first-mover control treatments, and strategy responses vs. sequential play. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at . JEL Classification C70, C91, D63, D64     

员工的信任结构与知识共享

信任是员工在组织内实现知识共享的重要心理机制。本文通过对208个样本的基于认知的普遍信任和基于组织成员身份的组织信任的测量,证明了普遍信任与组织信任相互独立并存在一定程度的相关。通过回归分析,普遍信任中性善认知因素、组织信任中组织行为信任因素对于员工知识共享的意愿与行为有着更高程度的影响。从一个角度说明中国人不仅不缺乏普遍信任,而且与他人共享知识的行为也不完全以“情感关系”为特征。     

中小企业研究联合体信任机制稳定性研究

作为一种有效的合作研发创新组织形式,尽管中小企业研究联合体具有很强的活力和创新潜力,但在实践中会由于多种原因致使其生命力不强、寿命较短或效率不高,不能发挥理论意义上强大的创新实力。中小企业研究联合体要想发挥竞争优势,必须构建稳定的信任机制。中小企业RJVs信任机制稳定性既取决于内部信任机制,又受外部信任机制的影响;内部信任机制是关键,外部信任机制是有力补充;二者相互作用,才能实现中小企业RJVs信任机制的稳定运行。     

信托税收法律制度研究

随着《中华人民共和国信托法》的颁布实施,信托制度在我国得以以立法的形式予以确立。信托制度在我国社会经济发展中将起到越来越重要的作用。信托税制在信托制度中占据重要的地位,我国在这一方面还没有明确的法律规制。作者借鉴英美等发达资本主义国家成熟的信托税收理论,并结合国内信托法和税法的实际情况对信托税收法律制度进行一定的探讨。     

认证标识对农产品品牌信任的影响路径分析

本文以信息不对称理论为基础,用结构方程模型的研究方法,对认证标识影响农产品品牌信任及其各维度路径进行实证分析。结果表明:认证标识可有效提升农产品品牌能力信任和善意信任,认证标识对于提升农产品品牌能力信任的作用大于对品牌善意信任的作用。品牌能力信任和善意信任会交互影响,善意信任对于增强能力信任有较大作用,能力信任也间接影响善意信任,但影响稍弱。     

Trust,trust games and stated trust: Evidence from rural Bangladesh

Levels of trust are measured by asking standard survey questions on trust and by observing behavior in a trust game using a random sample in rural Bangladesh. Follow-up questions and correlations between stated expectations and the amount sent in the trust game reveal that the amount sent is correlated with a general measure of trust. The trust and need motives combined with expectations explains differences in amounts sent, and this highlights the potential importance of motives that cannot be inferred directly from people's behavior and expectations alone.     

信任、交易成本与商业信用模式

本文研究信任这一非正式制度对企业交易成本和商业信用模式的影响。以我国各省的信任调查数据为研究基础,本文发现地区间信任差异将导致企业的签约形式显著不同,商业信用模式存在较大差异。地区间信任度越低,该地区企业的签约成本越高,具体表现为:企业较多地采用预付账款和应付票据等成本较高的商业信用模式,且相应的销售费用和折扣支出也越多。与以往文献关注法律等正式制度安排的差异不同,本文不仅验证了转轨经济环境下信任等非正式制度的重要性,同时还为"地区"与"个体"间信任的传递特征提供了经验证据,这有助于深入理解我国现阶段企业交易行为和"地区"与"个体"间的信任关系。     

A trust game in loss domain

In standard trust games, no trust is the default, and trust generates a potential gain. We investigate a reframed trust game in which full trust is default and where no trust generates a loss. We find significantly lower levels of trust and trustworthiness in the loss domain when full trust is default than in the gain domain when no trust is default. As a consequence, trust is on average profitable in the gain domain, but not in the loss domain. We also find that subjects respond more positively to higher trust in the loss domain than in the gain domain.     

DOES SOCIAL TRUST INCREASE INDIVIDUAL HAPPINESS IN JAPAN?*

Economists are mainly interested in trust as being growth enhancing, but whether trust is well‐being enhancing is underexplored. This paper examines if trust is intrinsically valuable by using individual happiness data from Japan. I attempt to mitigate the problem of non‐random selection of residents by restricting the sample to non‐movers. I also address reverse causality by instrumenting trust with residential stability, as trust should be higher for a more stable community. I find that trust has positive and significant effects on individual happiness. The instrumental variables approach suggests that social trust has a causal effect on individual happiness.     

长期服务关系中的顾客行为：信任和承诺的作用

本文通过抽样调查方法检验了在长期服务关系中顾客信任和承诺对顾客行为的影响机制。研究发现,顾客信任和承诺对顾客合作和正面口碑都具有类似的积极影响;顾客承诺可以降低顾客机会主义行为,而信任没有这一功能;顾客信任可以提高顾客在服务关系中的灵活性,而承诺则不起作用;顾客信任还提高了顾客正式控制机制的使用效果,顾客承诺则降低了对服务企业单方面行为的默许。     

畜产品品牌信任和品牌资产形成机制研究

分析了目前中国畜产品信任危机现状、解决途径—品牌资产投资,回顾了信任机制、品牌信任、品牌资产形成等相关文献,结合畜产品信任特性,提出了畜产品品牌信任和品牌资产形成机制,为以后的研究指明了方向。     

Collective Trust Behavior*

This paper investigates trust behavior in situations where decision‐makers are large groups and the decision mechanism is collective. Theories from behavioral economics and psychology suggest that trust in such situations may differ from interindividual trust. The experimental results here reveal a large difference in trust but not in trustworthiness between the individual and collective setting. Furthermore, a field experiment captures the determinants of collective trust behavior among two Swedish cohorts. Beliefs about the other group and one's own group are strongly associated with collective trustworthiness and trust behavior.