转移支付与地区经济收敛

转移支付是政府调节区域经济的重要政策手段 ,本文分析了 1 994年新财税体制改革以后转移支付与地区经济收敛的关系 ,发现转移支付总体上没有达到缩小地区差距的效果 ;对转移支付决定的因素分析 ,则解释了现行转移支付不能缩小地区差距的原因 ,最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

Price convergence across regions in India

The paper attempts to examine whether there is price convergence across various regions in India. Using panel unit root tests that are robust to cross-sectional dependence, it is found that relative price levels among various regions in India are mean-reverting. Further, we decompose each series into a set of common factors and idiosyncratic components. The decomposition enables us to test stationarity and estimate half-lives of the common factors and the idiosyncratic components separately. Both these components are found to be stationary. Idiosyncratic price shocks, however, are found to be more persistent as compared to the common factor. Results also indicate that transportation cost proxied by distance can explain a part of the variation in prices between two locations in India. The authors would like to thank Dibyendu Bhaumik for arranging the data for this study. Views expresed in the paper are personal and do not reflect the views of the organizations.     

Convergence,technological interdependence and spatial externalities: a spatial dynamic panel data analysis

This study adopts a spatial dynamic panel data approach and spatial quasi-maximum likelihood to re-estimate the speed of growth convergence in 91 countries based on technological interdependence and spatial externalities. We perform a conditional Lagrange multiplier test for spatial error dependence and find some differences to previous studies. First, the switch from a cross-sectional to a dynamic panel data framework enables the estimated rate of conditional convergence to be higher, more accurate and more appropriate for realistic and theoretical expectations. Second, the spatial Durbin model (SDM) is a general form of simplified model that considers spatial error correlation, and its likelihood ratio test for the theoretical model of ‘learning by doing’ effect provides further evidence. Finally, statistical tests find that spatial correlation not only occurs in each variable, but also appears in the error term. Thus, the SDM does not exist in the assumptions associated with the spatial error, which are not necessarily correct.     

Public Capital and Economic Growth: A Convergence Approach

This paper estimates dynamic effects of public capital on output per capita. Based on an open economy growth model, I derive a version of the income convergence equation augmented with public capital. This equation is estimated using panel data of United States and Japanese regions. Sensible results are obtained when public capital is disaggregated into components. In both countries, the infrastructure component of public capital turns out to have significantly positive effects. The implied elasticity of output with respect to infrastructure is somewhere around 0.1 to 0.15. This suggests a modest contribution of infrastructure to postwar growth of the two countries.     

Convergence and spillover of house prices in Chinese cities

The issue of house price convergence in 34 Chinese cities is investigated. We augmented the convergence model with contemporaneous spatial dependence in house prices and found that price convergence and positive spatial spillover are both present. We explicitly addressed the endogeneity problem by introducing a Bayesian instrumental variable setup, which was estimated with particle filtering techniques. From a growth poles perspective, the empirical evidence indicates that the spread effect in regional house prices outweighs the backwash effect. The identified positive spatial spillover has two effects on the growth of house prices in Chinese cities. First, the spillover elevates the trajectories of the steady-state growth paths of house prices. Second, the spillover narrows the gaps between the growth paths of house prices in neighbouring cities. Shocks to the socio-economic variables of a city generate their own effects on domestic house prices that dominate the effects arising from cross-city price feedbacks, thus mitigating the prospect of level convergence. Our findings also suggest a collaborating role between time and spatial dependence parameters. The identification of inter-city spillover, which is a conditioning factor for regional house price convergence, offers implications to policies that are most likely to be effective in reducing regional disparity.     

Are U.S. regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues

Are different regions of the United States experiencing convergence in levels of GDP? Carlino and Mills (1993) examined this question through time-series techniques, and found some evidence in favor of regional convergence. This paper checks the robustness of their results by using new econometric methods proposed by Vogelsang (1998). Our results, together with results from Loewy and Papell (1996), suggest there is stronger evidence in favor of convergence than previously thought based on the results of Carlino and Mills (1993). First version received: September 2000/Final version received: December 2000     

Real Convergence and European Integration: The Experience of the Less Developed EU Members

This study aims at providing an assessment about real convergence across countriesand regions in the EU, focusing more specifically on the four cohesion EU members.The results show that in the course of the last few years a process of convergence hastaken place between the per capita income levels of the EU regions and also, to a largerextent, of the Member States. Nevertheless, advances in real convergence are largelydetermined by the growth strategy implemented by the countries themselves. Lastly,our study suggests that the Community's regional policy has played a significant rolein favor of real convergence between the Member States of the EU. One importantlesson to be drawn is that the accession is likely to contribute significantly to improvingthe possibilities of the current Central and East European countries (CEECs) candidatesin aligning their per capita income levels with those of the EU members.     

都市圈经济增长的空间相依性研究——基于中国三大都市圈的实证研究

There are a number of theoretical reasons why cities interact with each other. Such spatial interdependence has been largely ignored by the empirical literature with only a couple of recent papers accounting for such issues in their estimation. This paper takes spatial dependence panel data models in specifying and testing to analyze three metropolitan growth behaviors in China. We find that controlling for fixed-effects allows us to disentangle the effect of spatial dependence from that of spatial heterogeneity and that of omitted variables. The estimated relationships of traditional determinants of urbanization are robust to inclusion of terms to capture spatial interdependence, even though such interdependence is estimated to be significant. Additionally, the three metropolitan areas might be said to represent three distinct stages during the urbanization of China.      

中国区域技术效率的空间收敛性分析：1994—2008

空间计量经济学认为一个地区空间单元上的同一现象或属性值与邻近地区空间单元上同一现象或属性值是相关的。文章通过对我国地区技术效率的空间依赖性检验发现我国地区技术效率存在显著的空间依赖性。因此本文在地区技术效率宅间依赖性的基础上对我国地区技术效率的收敛性及其影响因素进行了分析,实证结果表明我国地区技求效率存在显著的条件收敛性,其中地区对外开放水平、资源禀赋条件、市场化程度是我国地区技术效率趋异的重要因素;而地区工业化水平、人力资本水平、科技投入水平则是促进我国妯区技术效率趋同的雷辱陶素．     

农业产业化的路径转换:产业融合与产业集聚

我国农业产业化的进程正面临着重大的路径转换。在这一过程中,产业融合与产业集聚应运而生,通过产业融合形成新的产业形态,实现产业化农业;通过产业集聚加快农业产业化进程。     

Convergence in Productivity Across Industries: Some Results for New Zealand and Australia

New Zealand shares a wealth of common interests and experiences with Australia. This has tempted some to assume that these economies form an ‘Economic Club’, in which one would expect to identify common aggregate trends and growth experiences. In this paper we present results that test, and generally reject, convergence in labour productivity across Australia and New Zealand, using both aggregate and disaggregate, industry‐level data. We find that only two industries satisfy our definition of Conditional Convergence (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing and Cultural and Recreational Services), and that the Mining and Wholesale Trade industries have particularly important roles to play in explaining the measured divergence. Cointegration‐based tests reveal more stochastic trends governing Australian productivity than in New Zealand. The evidence suggests, therefore, that the underlying growth processes of the two economies are fundamentally different, thereby questioning the relevance of aggregate comparisons between them. New evidence using industry‐level data does not, therefore, resolve the aggregate‐level ‘non‐convergence puzzle’ identified here, and elsewhere.     

中国三大区域省际趋同效应识别研究——基于就业结构变迁视角

利用转移-份额分析法(SSA)、改进的Baumol模型和Barro模型估计法对我国东中西部28个省市自治区2000-2010年的就业结构变迁、经济趋同效应进行实证研究发现:经典的配第克拉克-定律在我国依然有效,我国三大区域省际之间不存在绝对β趋同效应;但存在省际条件β趋同效应和省际σ趋同效应,在东中西三大区域内分别存在着以政策区划分的俱乐部趋同规律,俱乐部趋同速率分别为:2.1％、0.2％和0.2％.     

全要素生产率、人民币汇率与中国贸易收支——基于跨期最优选择理论的实证研究

文章首先以跨期最优分析框架为基础建立以中国贸易收支为研究对象的理论模型,然后基于中国1999-2009年省际面板数据,运用面板FMOLS估计方法,从全国和地区两个层面对中国全要素生产率、人民币实际汇率与中国贸易收支的关系展开实证分析。研究表明,中国贸易部门内资企业和外资企业的全要素生产率提升均对中国实际贸易余额增长产生了正面影响,其中东部地区的促进作用最为强劲;中国非贸易部门全要素生产率与其实际贸易余额负相关,其中东部和中部地区非贸易部门全要素生产率提升会显著减少该地区的实际贸易差额;人民币实际有效汇率提升对中国实际贸易收支具有显著的负面影响,并按照东部、中部和西部地区依次加重。根据上述分析结果,文章提出了调节中国贸易收支的相关政策建议。     

追赶战略、人力资本及地区经济增长趋同——基于教育效率的水平创新模型的实证分析

文章基于一个教育效率的水平创新模型分析了落后地区对发达地区的人力资本与经济发展战略问题,指出人力资本是影响技术吸收与创新能力的主要因素。通常所言的静态比较优势战略无法改变落后地区在人力资本上的比较劣势,因而落后地区也就无法发挥所谓的后发优势进而实现与发达地区间的经济收敛。而只有基于教育质量与人力资本积累效率的提高,实行人力资本的动态比较优势战略或追赶战略才能让落后地区提高学习效率,真正发挥后发优势实现经济赶超。最后文章以中国为例验证了这一结论并简要提出了促进落后地区经济快速增长的政策建议。     

农村居民区域收入收敛性实证分析——以江苏为例

使用1985~2005年江苏省农村居民收入统计数据,从三个层次上对江苏省农村居民区域收入进行了σ收敛、绝对β收敛以及条件β收敛分析。研究结果表明,江苏省农村居民区域收入整体上不存在σ收敛,大多数时段江苏省农村居民区域收入存在着显著的绝对β收敛,江苏省农村居民区域收入三个层次都存在条件收敛。     

中国区域能源效率趋同性研究:基于空间经济学视角

文章首先采用基于投入导向的规模报酬不变的超效率DEA模型测算了1991-2008年中国各地区的能源效率,然后进行了地区能源效率的空间相关性分析,并基于空间计量分析方法对能源效率的趋同性进行了实证检验,同时还探寻了造成能源效率地区差异的影响因素。结果表明,我国区域能源效率之间的正相关性逐渐增强,能源效率分布呈空间集聚趋势;在样本期内,我国能源效率存在绝对β趋同特征,且条件β趋同迹象也很明显,产业结构、工业化水平、政府行为和FDI等因素是造成能源效率地区差异的重要原因。     

Simulation-based inference in dynamic panel probit models: An application to health

This paper considers the determinants of a binary indicator for the existence of functional limitations using seven waves (1991–1997) of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). The focal point of our analysis is the contributions of state dependence, heterogeneity and serial correlation in explaining the dynamics of health. To investigate these issues we apply static and dynamic panel probit models with flexible error structures. To estimate the models we use maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) with antithetic acceleration and implement a recently proposed test for the existence of asymptotic bias. The dynamic models show strong positive state dependence. Data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) were supplied by the ESRC Data Archive. Neither the original collectors of the data nor the Archive bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretations presented here. Funding was provided by the ESRC award no: R000238169-Simulation-based econometric approaches to investigating the interaction of lifestyle and health. The authors would like to thank William Greene for valuable comments on an earlier draft of the paper, Roberto Leon Gonzalez for valuable programming advice, and participants at the iHEA Third International conference, York, 22–25 July 2001 and York Seminars in Health Econometrics (YSHE) for their comments.     

2002—2011年中国新型城市化空间格局与收敛性分析

根据新型城市化的内涵,从经济、社会、生态、城乡和城市现代等方面,构建中国新型城市化综合评价指标体系,运用熵值法,对2002—2011年中国31个省份进行测评。同时,运用空间分析工具和计量模型,考察了中国新型城市化水平的空间格局和收敛性。结果显示:1全国新型城市化水平呈现逐年上升的趋势,但东部、中部和西部的整体水平差异较大。2在空间格局分析上,各省域新型城市化水平在空间上存在显著的正相关,地域总体格局呈现三级梯度分布的趋势;新型城市化主要是靠长三角和珠三角两大城市群拉动的。3在收敛分析上,新型城市化存在显著的收敛性,应用合理空间模型(SEM)能加快收敛的时间。4在收敛检验方面,引入变量大大提高了模型的拟合程度,并且城镇人口比重最大。研究认为,要加强户籍制度改革,破除城乡二元结构,推动中国城市化健康发展。     

Nonlinearity in dynamic adjustment: Semiparametric estimation of panel labor supply

We estimate a semiparametric dynamic panel data model by the local linear kernel method and we interpret the slope of the nonparametric component function as a varying slope coefficient. Thus, the slope coefficient is a smooth, but otherwise unknown, function of some of the regressors. A Monte Carlo experiment is reported to examine the finite sample performance of the local linear estimator. We apply the estimation method to a labor supply equation for men from the triannual Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Specification tests based on the estimated labor supply elasticities, partial adjustment coefficients, and residuals demonstrate the improvements from a semiparametric partially linear model. Our empirical results point to a need by economists to revisit the issue of the speed of labor market adjustment to policy induced shifts in labor demand and to take more formal econometric account of heterogeneity in wage effects when studying the distributional consequences of tax reforms for labor supply earnings. First version received: July 2000/Final version received: January 2001     

中国物流上市公司成本效率的收敛性——基于共同前沿方法的分析

文章采用共同前沿方法对32家上市物流公司2000-2009年的成本效率做了测算,并在此基础上应用面板β收敛、σ收敛和PAM模型考察了物流上市公司成本效率的收敛趋势和收敛方向。结果显示,32家物流上市公司的成本效率在10年中存在收敛趋势,但反映的是效率水平的退化。国内物流市场开放促进了物流企业成本效率水平向效率前沿的收敛。