农户经营特征分化与农地经营权流转

文章基于农业劳动力持续向非农产业转移的宏观背景,从农户经营特征分化视角出发,分析了当前异质性农户的土地流转意愿与行为机理,并利用微观调查数据进行了实证检验。研究发现:全职型农户均有较强的土地转入意愿,但普通农户因土地流转市场缺失难以转入土地,新型农业经营主体地租承受能力较强且受到政府支持,转入土地较容易。非全职型农户中,兼业农户基于边际产出拉平效应与社保功能,倾向于维持现有土地规模;工商农户具有较强的土地转出意愿,但土地流转市场缺失、种粮补贴政策扭曲、土地社保功能突出制约其转出土地。据此政策启示:建立健全各类农户创新创业投资的激励诱导政策,促进农户经营特征有效分化,提升农地流转有效供需水平;加快土地流转市场建设,建立城乡一体化社保制度,消除土地准社保功能,促进农地在各类农户间有序流转,推动农业适度规模经营与农业现代化。     

中部地区农地流转特征及影响因素分析——基于中部六省的调查

应用分类评定模型(Logit模型)对中国中部地区的农户调查数据研究表明:地权稳定性、地区经济发展水平对农地转入和转出都有显著的正向影响;家庭年总收入、非农收入比重、外出务工劳动力比重、土地流转价格对土地转出有显著的正向影响,而对土地转入有显著的负影响;户主年龄对土地转出影响不显著、对转入有显著的正向影响;户主受教育程度对土地转入和转出的影响均不显著。研究的结果表明,要促进我国中部地区农地流转,必须继续贯彻惠农政策,大力发展农村经济,完善农地流转的相关政策法规和服务,增强地权的稳定性。     

农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查问卷中的农户数据分析了农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响。通过计算农地流转前后的土地分配基尼系数,测度了农地流转影响土地使用权分配的结果,研究显示:农地流转促进了土地使用权的集中,但集中的速度并不快,各区域之间存在差异。在市场化农地流转中,土地较少而又贫穷的农民缺乏能力和优势转入土地,导致土地使用权集中。农地流转难以解决公平问题,农民获取土地仍然主要依靠村组集体的初次分配和二次调整。在符合农民认同、规则明确稳定的条件下,村组内部的土地调整能做到公平与效率相容。因此,村庄集体需要积极培育民主、发展农民自治组织;基层政府需要抑制自己调整土地的冲动,同时在一定程度上认同、支持和监督村组内部的土地调整。     

农户兼业化的演变及其对土地流转影响实证分析

运用1993—2016年中国农户家庭收入构成相关数据,分析中国农户兼业化的时空分布及其演变过程。更进一步采用2010—2016年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,通过建立biprobit模型研究农户兼业化对土地流转市场的影响,细分探讨了农户兼业化对土地转出、土地转入概率的中介效应影响机制。结果表明:①全国农户兼业化程度逐年加深,其中东北、西北和西南地区农户兼业进展缓慢;②存在以非农就业、理财投资为中介变量影响土地转出概率和以农机投入、农业补贴为中介变量影响土地转入概率的显著中介效应;③土地转出、土地转入概率随着农户家庭平均年龄增加分别呈正U形和倒U形关系。因此,政府应对不同兼业化程度的农户采取分类管理、针对施策,以激发土地流转,加快实现乡村振兴。     

农户农地规模与结构状况分析——基于第三次全国农业普查两县市普通农户的全样本数据

本文利用第三次全国农业普查中部地区两个县市的全样本数据分析了普通农户的农地确权、流转和经营规模的总体和分布状况。统计分析结果表明,农户确权地户均373亩,基尼系数为0341,呈现微型化和均等化格局;非确权地面积占总农地面积的2%,虽规模不大,却是一个需要关注的问题。确权地80%由农户自己耕种,土地流转不活跃,且有限的农地流转中60%以上是在普通农户之间进行,流转质量较低;流入规模经营户的租金高于流入普通农户的租金,意味着规模经营效率更高。农户经营地户均39亩,基尼系数为0421,表明农地经营具有一定的集中化趋势,但集中度不高。两县市的农户确权地、流转地和经营地规模与结构呈现明显的差异,这主要是由其资源禀赋和发展水平不同所致。比较农业“一普”“二普”“三普”数据发现,农户经营规模仍显示微型化格局,并且长期呈现下降趋势。针对以上研究结论,本文提出了深化农地制度改革、加快农地流转和集中的相关政策建议。     

土地零租金流转与农业生产效率损失

土地零租金流转在“熟人社会”和“差序格局”特征明显的农村地区广泛存在。利用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据,检验了土地流转中的零租金现象对农业生产效率的边际影响和可能的作用机制。结果表明：土地零租金流转显著降低了农业生产的土地效率和劳动效率并扩大了农业生产中的技术无效率部分,尤其是对转入方向为普通农户和种植类型为经济作物以及土地租约期限过短或者过长的转入户带来的农业生产效率损失更加明显。具体的作用路径有两条：一是“零租金—农业生产投资不足—农业生产效率损失”,其中零租金对长期农业生产投资的挤出效应显著大于短期农业生产投资;二是“零租金—土地保护意愿下降—农业生产效率损失”。进一步研究发现,农业技术指导对零租金引致的农业生产效率损失具有缓解作用;农地确权并不能抑制土地流转中的零租金现象,但土地流转中介服务能够有效减少农户的土地零租金流转行为。因此,地方政府需要提高农业投资补贴,加快推进农业技术指导服务,积极构建统一开放、秩序规范、双向开放的农村土地流转市场,以减少土地零租金流转引致的农业生产效率损失。     

农村集体土地使用权农户流转行为分析——以襄樊市襄阳区为例

农地使用权流转是解决当前我国农村土地利用细碎化及撂荒的有效途径,对于提高土地利用效率、促进农业结构调整和农民增收具有重要作用.农户是农地流转中主要的土地供给者,他们的意愿和行为直接影响农地使用权的流转.文章通过对湖北襄樊市襄阳区的调查,分析了土地禀赋、经济发展、受教育程度、非农就业对农户土地流转行为的影响,以期为加快农地流转提供决策依据.     

农村土地流转行为影响因素分析——基于河南省农户调研

文章将农民作为土地流转的利益主体,将农户家庭为基本单元作为研究对象,以河南省24个县(县级市)为研究样本区,分别从农户转入土地行为、转出土地行为这两个方面来研究农户土地流转行为。首先,文章基于国内外文献的研究,对河南省粮食主产区农户土地流转的基本状况、特点和存在问题进行了分析。其次,运用Logistic回归模型对实地调研数据进行科学的统计分析,得到影响农户转入、转出以及未流转行为的主要因素。最后,在实证分析的基础上,结合河南省实际情况,从政策支持、产业优化、社会保障、金融支持这四个方面提出对策建议。     

闽台农业合作与福建农地合理利用探析

福建农地资源稀缺,需要合理利用。闽台农业合作在一定程度上提高了福建农地的利用效率,但也存在着短期经营与过度利用的问题,出现了损害农民土地权益的现象。本文通过对此分析后,提出应当从完善农户农地承包经营权、健全农地承包经营权流转市场、稳定台商农地租赁使用权、加强农地监督利用等方面促进合作中农地合理利用。     

农地承包经营权市场流转:理论与实证分析——基于农户层面的经济分析

农地承包经营权市场流转取决于有效的农地需求和农地供给。在构建农户农地承包经营权市场流转理论决策模型的基础上 ,本文分析了土地产品价格、非生产性收益、生产性成本、非生产性成本、土地使用成本、土地交易成本、现有土地经营规模等因素对农地供求的影响作用。基本结论是 :我国农地承包经营权市场流转面临刚性的需求约束 ,总体水平上呈现需求大于供给的不均衡态势。为此 ,需要改善农地承包经营权市场流转的外部条件 ,促进农地有效供给的形成     

Insecurity of property rights and social matching in the tenancy market

This paper shows that insecurity of property rights over agricultural land can have large efficiency and equity costs because of the way it affects matching in the tenancy market. A principal-agent framework is used to model the landlord's decision to rent when he takes into account the risk of losing the land to the tenant and when contract enforcement is decreasing in social distance with the tenant. These effects are quantified for the case of local land rental markets in the Dominican Republic. Results show that insecure property rights lead to matching in the tenancy market along socio-economic lines, severely limiting the size of the rental market and the choice of tenants for landlords, both with efficiency costs. Social segmentation reduces access to land for the rural poor, with high equity costs. Simulations suggest that improving tenure security would increase rental transactions by 21% and the area rented to the poor by 63%. Increased property rights security is hence beneficial not only to asset owners, but also to those with whom they might interact in the market.     

农地制度、地权稳定性与农地使用权市场发育:理论与来自苏浙鲁的经验

农户对地权稳定性的预期越低 ,其租入农地的可能性越小 ,租入农地的面积也越小。土地调整虽然降低了农户对地权稳定性的预期 ,但是它促进了农村劳动力的外出流动 ,增加了农地使用权市场中的供给。在人地矛盾紧张的地区 ,农地供给量的缺乏是农地使用权市场发育的主要障碍。在这些地区 ,土地调整促进了农地使用权市场的发育。本文利用 2 0 0 0年苏浙鲁 1 0 83个农户的调查数据 ,对以上假说进行了验证。     

HETEROGENEITY,FRICTIONAL ASSIGNMENT,AND HOME-OWNERSHIP

We study the composition of the housing stock across ownership and rental markets in a dynamic model of frictional assignment. Houses are rented or sold to heterogeneous households that sort over quality. Due to matching frictions and an increasing ownership surplus, wealthy households tend to own and lower value housing tends to be rented, even without financial frictions or rental supply constraints. When calibrated to match key housing market features of the average U.S. city, the model is consistent with observed empirical relationships across cities. We study the model's implications for affordability, ownership, and the impact of progressive property taxation.     

社会保障能够替代土地保障吗——基于新农保对土地租出意愿租金的影响研究

基于三轮（2011年、2013年和2015年）的全国微观追踪调查数据（CHARLS），本文通过分析新农保的实施对农户土地流转行为和意愿租金的影响，来考察社会保障是否存在着对土地保障的替代效应，并进一步基于农户对土地的依赖程度来分析替代效应的异质型特征。结果表明，村庄实施新农保促使村庄内土地依赖程度超过平均水平的农户转出土地的意愿租金下降180%；促使村庄内处于土地依赖程度前30%的农户转出土地的意愿租金下降149%；促使村庄内处于土地依赖程度后30%的农户转出土地的意愿租金上升173%。总的来说，社会保障对于土地保障的替代效应主要作用于高土地依赖型的农户。     

Land rental markets and rural poverty dynamics in Northern Ethiopia: Panel data evidence using survival models

There is growing interest in understanding the links between land reforms, land markets, and poverty reduction in Africa. The study uses four‐wave panel data from the northern highlands of Ethiopia to assess the dynamics of rural poverty taking into account the status of participation of rural households in the land rental market. Applying both nonparametric (Kaplan–Meier estimator) and semi‐parametric survival models that control for duration dependence of poverty transition, results show participation and degree of participation on the supply side of the tenancy market (landlords) have highly significant and positive effect on the chances of escaping poverty while the same cannot be said about the demand side of the tenancy market (tenants). The empirical evidence also confirms that households headed by older and literate people have relatively larger exit rates from poverty as compared with households headed by younger and illiterate ones. Though transacting farmers may engage themselves in win–win rental arrangements by the time they join the tenancy market, results indicate that gains are unequal as those tenants who enter the markets from low economic leverage (were poor) are liable to face a lower margin of net gains, which may limit their ability to move out of poverty.     

Efficiency and equity impacts of rural land rental restrictions: Evidence from India

Recognition of the potentially deleterious implications of inequality in opportunity originating in a skewed asset distribution has spawned considerable interest in land reforms. However, little attention has been devoted to the fact that, in the longer-term, the measures used to implement land reforms, especially rental restrictions, could negatively affect productivity. Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity by reducing scope for efficiency-enhancing rental transactions that benefit poor producers. Simulations suggest that, by doubling the number of producers with access to land through rental, from about 15 million currently, liberalization of rental markets could have far-reaching impacts.     

The potential of land rental markets in the process of economic development: Evidence from China

We develop a model of land leasing with agents characterized by unobserved heterogeneity in ability and presence of an off-farm labor market. In this case, decentralized land rental may contribute to equity and efficiency goals and may have several advantages over administrative reallocation. The extent to which this is true empirically is explored using data from three of China's poorest provinces. Land rental markets and administrative reallocation reallocate land to those with lower endowments but the former are more effective in doing so and have a bigger productivity-enhancing effect. Information on hypothetical market participation suggests that reducing transaction costs in land rental markets could help to realize significant additional productivity gains.     

劳动力价值仍是公租房租金确定的基础——兼论公租房退出机制

在对公租房的经济地位进行理论分析的基础上,指出公租房租金市场化的实质仍是土地财政,并由此提出相应的政策建议。公租房介于商品房和廉租房之间,针对有一定市场支付能力但政府或无能力或无意愿填补其缺口的中等偏下收入消费者。由于商业租赁成本超过商业购买成本,公租房租金市场化的实质是通过制造无效供给,推脱住房保障责任,维护土地财政的既得利益。将劳动力价值作为公租房租金确定的基础,才能真正发挥公租房的住房保障职能。     

Productivity effects of land rental market operation in Ethiopia: evidence from a matched tenant–landlord sample

As countries increasingly strive to transform their economies from agriculture‐based into a diversified one, land rental will become of greater importance. It will thus be critical to complement research on the efficiency of specific land rental arrangements such as sharecropping with an inquiry into the broader productivity impacts of the land rental market. Plot‐level data for a matched landlord–tenant sample in an environment where sharecropping dominates allow us to explore both issues. We find that pure output sharing leads to significantly lower levels of efficiency that can be attenuated by monitoring while the inefficiency disappears if inputs are shared as well. Rentals transfer land to more productive producers but realization of this productivity advantage is prevented by the inefficiency of contractual arrangements, suggesting changes that would prompt adoption of different contractual arrangements could have significant benefits.     

土地资本化与农村工业化-广东省佛山市南海经济发展调查

本文对中国西南三省的农村土地租赁市场的现状、发展以及土地租赁市场对公平和效益的影响进行了详细的分析。我们发现,土地租赁市场已经成为农户间土地转移的主要形式。无论从发生的频率上或发生转移的土地面积上看,通过土地租赁市场发生的土地转移远比通过行政性土地再调整发生的土地转移重要。虽然土地租赁市场和土地再分配都会将土地向资源禀赋较少的农户转移,但土地租赁市场更能促进生产力的提高。