社会流动影响居民幸福感吗——来自中国转型期的经验证据

利用CGSS数据分析我国社会流动、机会不均等对居民幸福感的影响,结论显示:(1)与父代的职业地位相比,子代向下的社会流动将会显著降低其主观幸福感,而向上的社会流动并没有显著地促进居民主观幸福感的提升;(2)机会不均等对居民主观幸福感的负面影响十分显著,它与向下社会流动的交互效应对居民的幸福感也有显著的负面影响,这意味着机会不平等感知增强了社会不流动带来的负面影响。     

谁是幸福的?——个体特征、外部环境与主观幸福感

幸福是人们对生活满意程度的一种主观感受和心理体验,而个体特征与外部环境是理解幸福内涵的两个核心维度。本文从个体特性、个体状况、社会活动以及社会环境等四类因素出发考察了中国居民主观幸福感的决定因素。研究结果表明:总体上来看,与个体特征相关的年龄、性格、收入与健康等因素,以及与外部环境相关的对社会收入不平等程度的评价及对民主化进程的满意程度,与居民的主观幸福感之间有着显著的关系。如果不考虑年龄因素,在其他所有与居民主观幸福感有显著关系的因素中,居民的性格因素的作用高于其他因素。收入因素的边际作用高于收入不平等的因素,不过相对于其他因素,收入因素和收入不平等因素的边际作用是最小的。     

住房不平等与中国城市居民的主观幸福感——立足于多层次线性模型的分析

笔者基于CGSS2005调查数据,采用多层次线性回归模型,探讨了住房不平等对中国城市居民主观幸福感的影响.研究发现:中国城市居民的主观幸福感存在区域差异;城市居民住房的绝对不平等影响了其幸福感,住房数量显著提高居民的主观幸福感,而住房面积对幸福感呈现倒U型的影响;居民住房的相对不平等对幸福感具有显著负向效应;区域住房不平等(住房基尼系数)与幸福感呈现出倒U型关系,临界点在0.325左右,当低于临界点时,区域不平等的扩大会提高居民的幸福感,但超过了临界点则导致居民幸福感的下降.     

财政分权、地方政府支出偏好与居民幸福感——基于分税制后的中国经验证据

本文利用CGSS2006年的数据,考察财政分权、政府支出偏好对居民主观幸福感的影响,研究发现:财政分权对我国居民的主观幸福感产生了显著的负面影响,不过它对居民主观幸福感的影响在某种程度上取决于亲贫式支出的大小;财政分权对中低收入者和农村居民幸福感的影响显著为负,但是对高收入者以及城镇居民幸福感的影响在统计意义上并非显著异于零;财政分权对中西部、欠发达地区以及非民族地区居民的幸福感有显著的负面影响,对东部、发达地区的影响不显著,对民族地区的影响为正.     

转型背景下的居民主观收入不平等与再分配偏好——基于CGSS数据的经验分析

公平、合理的收入分配格局是构建和谐社会的基石,引起社会普遍不满和对社会稳定构成实质威胁的是居民主观层面所不认可的收入分配格局。本文尝试考察我国居民的主观收入不平等对再分配偏好的影响。在将主观收入不平等合理分解为认可的不平等和不认可的不平等基础上,利用中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS),本文进行了实证检验,研究结果显示,居民认可的收入不平等与再分配偏好显著负相关,而不认可的收入不平等与再分配偏好显著正相关。此外,公平认知对居民的主观收入不平等具有显著影响。因此,当前政府的改革应该从消除体制性障碍入手,特别是要消除行业垄断、城乡有别的户籍制度等,创造一个机会均等、公平竞争的社会环境,为形成合理的收入分配格局提供制度保障。     

政府环境信息公开对居民主观幸福感影响的效应研究

本文基于2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）、城市污染源监管信息公开指数（PITI）和《中国城市统计年鉴》匹配后的面板数据,运用固定效应模型实证分析了政府环境信息公开对居民主观幸福感影响的机制和效应。基准分析表明,政府环境信息公开整体上能够显著提高居民主观幸福感,但不同类型政府环境信息公开对居民主观幸福感的影响存在差异。异质性分析表明,对于中高收入群体和不健康群体,政府环境信息公开对居民主观幸福感的提升效应更显著。机制分析表明,政府环境信息公开主要通过降低城市的客观环境污染、降低居民感知的主观环境污染和增强居民对政府满意度来提高居民主观幸福感;政府和公众环境关注度对政府环境信息公开与居民主观幸福感具有正向调节效应。本文为客观评估城市层面政府环境信息公开的居民主观福利效应提供了新的微观证据,同时也为实现环境治理和提升人民幸福感的“双赢”目标提供了有益的政策启示。     

中国居民主观幸福感影响因素分析——一个综合分析框架

利用世界价值观调查数据,分析近20年来中国居民主观幸福感变化,发现中国存在"收入-幸福悖论"现象。构建一个基于人口学、经济、家庭、工作、人际关系和情感等因素的综合框架分析发现,这些因素对主观幸福感均有显著影响,经济、家庭、工作因素对主观幸福感的影响较大,收入高、信任家庭、对工作满意、人际关系和谐、情感积极的人幸福感较强。这表明,经济发展到一定阶段后,必须大力推进社会发展与文明进步,科学协调好发展经济与满足居民不断提升的多层次需求之间的关系,进而切实增进居民幸福感。     

环境不平等降低了居民幸福感吗？——基于中国综合社会调查（CGSS）微观数据的实证研究

本文通过将省级、城市数据与中国综合社会调查（Chinese General Social Survey,CGSS）微观数据相匹配,在测度环境基尼系数基础上,采用Probit和中介效应模型研究了环境不平等对居民幸福感的影响路径。结果表明：工业废水测度下的环境不平等显著降低了居民幸福感,而工业二氧化硫和工业烟粉尘测度下的环境不平等却显著提高了居民幸福感。环境不平等对居民幸福感的影响存在区域和城乡异质性,环境不平等对东部地区居民幸福感的影响大于中西部地区;工业废水测度下的环境不平等对城镇居民的影响比农村居民大,工业废气则相反。在环境不平等影响幸福感的路径中,经济增长和健康状况是重要的作用机制,经济增长发挥了显著的正向调节作用和中介作用,健康状况只发挥中介作用。因此,加强环境治理,统筹区域和城乡协调发展,坚持经济建设与改善居民健康状况,对新时代中国政府提高居民幸福感,走出“伊斯特林悖论”有重要意义。     

要素市场扭曲会如何影响居民主观幸福感？

将我国省际宏观数据与CFPS2014—2018年的微观数据进行匹配，用回归分析法实证检验要素市场扭曲对居民主观幸福感的影响，并通过机制检验和异质性分析来探讨扭曲的要素市场影响居民幸福感的背后逻辑。通过检验发现，要素市场扭曲对居民主观幸福感存在显著负面影响，收入差距和全要素生产率在其中发挥着部分中介作用。且异质性检验结果显示，扭曲的要素市场对东部地区和农村居民幸福感的负面影响更为显著。因此，改善民生福祉，就要不断完善市场化改革，推动要素市场与产品市场的平衡发展，避免地方政府因追求经济绩效而扭曲要素市场的行为，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。     

数字普惠金融、居民生活压力与幸福感

基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,考察数字普惠金融对居民主观幸福感的影响及作用机制.实证结果表明:数字普惠金融的发展显著提升了居民幸福感,数字普惠金融覆盖广度指数、使用深度指数和数字支持服务程度均对居民主观幸福感产生了较为显著正向影响.与高收入(中东部地区、城镇地区、男性、高教育水平)群体相比,数字普惠金融发展对中低收入(西部地区、农村地区、女性、低教育水平)群体主观幸福感的提升作用相对更大.数字普惠金融通过缓解生活压力(体现在经济压力和制度排斥压力方面)的路径提升居民主观幸福感.数字普惠金融提升居民幸福感有非常重要的现实意义,有助于进一步完善数字金融普惠体系.     

Income inequality,corruption and subjective well-being

ABSTRACT

Based on the data of CGSS2013, we analyse the relationship between income inequality, corruption and subjective well being using an Ordered Probit model. Our results indicate that income inequality and corruption significantly reduces the subjective well-being of our country’s residents. Furthermore, corruption is an important channel for the negative effect of income inequality on subjective well-being, the impact of income inequality on subjective well-being is mainly achieved by the role of corruption. Specifically, the impacts vary according to hukou. Higher degree of income inequality indeed reduces the subjective well-being of urban residents, while it has a positive effect on subjective well-being of rural residents. Corruption has a significant negative impact on the subjective well-being of urban and rural residents. There is heterogeneity in the influence of different income levels in rural areas. The study in this paper shows that anti-corruption and narrowing the income gap are the two major grippers to improve the well-being of the residents.     

When income differences hurt or excite: The nonlinear effect of regional inequality on subjective wellbeing

Combining information from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Social Survey, we investigate the relationship between subjective well-being and income inequality using regional inequality indicators and individual data. We assume that inequality aversion and perception of social mobility affect the impact of regional inequality on subjective well-being in opposite directions. We find evidence of an inverse U-shaped effect of inequality, where inequality starts to have a positive effect on subjective well-being that becomes negative with a switch point before the average of the Gini index for the entire sample. The rationale for our nonlinear finding is that Hirschman's tunnel effect (and the positive effect of perceived social mobility) prevails for low levels of inequality, while inequality aversion and negative relative income effects are relatively stronger when inequality is higher. Robustness checks on different sample splits are consistent with the hypothesis of the two drivers.     

区域一体化政策、要素流动与居民获得感提升*——基于政策文本的量化分析

区域一体化政策实施的意图是通过弱化要素流动壁垒、缩小区域发展差距，从而提升居民获得感。本文从交通互联互通、行政壁垒弱化、经济合作和劳动力流动四个角度构建政策措施指数，从缩小地区居民收入差距和改善居民获得感两个层面研究区域一体化战略的政策效果。研究发现：（1）区域一体化政策在缩小地区居民收入差距的基础上，可对等地提升居民获得感，行政措施是提升居民获得感的主要政策措施。（2）地区居民收入差距的收敛是居民获得感提升的客观基础，区域一体化政策缩小地区居民收入差距的政策效果在不同阶段和不同地区具有异质性。（3）区域一体化政策中的交通措施和行政措施通过引导资本形成扩散效应能显著缩小地区居民收入差距，是提升居民获得感的主要渠道。     

城乡居民主观幸福差异及其影响因素研究——以成都市为例

在对成都市433名城区、郊区和农村居民的结构式访问基础上,以"整体生活满意度"和"具体生活满意度"作为主观幸福的核心维度,运用方差分析、多元回归分析方法,对城乡居民的主观幸福差异及其影响因素进行了分析。城乡居民主观幸福在一些维度上存在明显差异,在另一些维度上没有显著差异;城乡居民存在着增进和损害其各自主观幸福的条件和因素,这些条件和因素包括工作状况、家庭收入、居住条件、家庭生活、人际关系、闲暇活动、健康状况、生活城市等。     

城乡分割、就业状况与主观幸福感差异

本文讨论了不同人群主观幸福感的影响因素，并在对概率模型进行分解分析的基础上，对城乡之间以及城镇失业与就业居民之间的主观幸福感差异进行了比较分析。本文的结论发现，农村居民的主观幸福感高于城镇居民主要是由于预期的满足程度、收入变化预期、对生活状态改善的评价等差异所引起的；城镇失业与就业居民的主观幸福感差异则主要是由收入效应导致的。     

The Redistributive Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase in New Zealand: A Microsimulation Analysis

This paper examines the potential effects on inequality and poverty of a minimum wage increase, based on a microsimulation model that captures the details of household composition and the income tax and welfare benefit system and allows for labour supply responses. Results suggest that, largely due to the composition of household incomes, a policy of increasing the minimum wage has a relatively small effect on the inequality of income per adult equivalent person, and a money metric utility measure, using several inequality indices. Hence, the minimum wage policy does not appear to be particularly well targeted, largely due to many low wage earners being secondary earners in higher income households, while many low income households have no wage earners at all. These results are reinforced when allowing for wage spillovers further up the wage distribution. Nevertheless, a minimum wage increase can have a more substantial effect on some poverty measures for sole parents in employment.     

城乡分割、就业状况与主观幸福感差异

本文讨论了不同人群主观幸福感的影响因素,并在对概率模型进行分解分析的基础上,对城乡之间以及城镇失业与就业居民之间的主观幸福感差异进行了比较分析。本文的结论发现,农村居民的主观幸福感高于城镇居民主要是由于预期的满足程度、收入变化预期、对生活状态改善的评价等差异所引起的;城镇失业与就业居民的主观幸福感差异则主要是由收入效应导致的。     

Who benefits from big government? A life satisfaction approach

Which impact does government size have on life satisfaction, and how do effects of bigger government differ between income groups in society? Previous studies typically employed country averages and thus neglected possibly heterogeneous happiness effects between income groups. This paper addresses empirically the effects of government spending on subjective well-being of individuals belonging to different income groups. Our analysis is based on individual data from 25 European countries participating in the European Social Survey. In contrast to most previous studies we take account of the endogeneity between relative income position and reported life satisfaction by an instrumental variable approach. Our results suggest, first, that most government spending categories, including social protection, are on average negatively related to individual well-being. Secondly, estimated marginal effects of health, education and social protection spending at different income levels show that spending increases always have a stronger negative effect on high income groups’ well-being than on low income groups’ life satisfaction. For all government spending categories, marginal happiness effects of higher public spending are clearly negative for income groups at the top.     

Changing income inequality: A distributional paradigm for Canada

This paper examines the major changes in income inequality in Canada since the 1970s and collects them as a distributional paradigm for Canada. It focuses on labour market changes in terms of shares of workers and earnings shares for lower earners, middle‐class workers and higher earners in a flexible general framework. Polarization of full‐time workers, loss of middle‐class earnings share and increase in a higher earnings gap are highlighted. Changing returns to human capital, role of demographics and cohort effects and declining labour share are examined. The paper also reviews evidence of changing economic mobility and estimating the role of inequality of opportunity.     

Migration and urban poverty and inequality in China

Using data from recent surveys of migrants and local residents in ten cities in 2005, this paper examines how migration influences measurements of urban poverty and inequality in China, and also compares how other indicators of well-being differ for migrants and local residents. Contrary to previous studies that report that the income poverty rate of migrant households is 1.5 times that of local resident households, we find relatively small differences in the poverty rates of migrants and local residents. Although the hourly wages of migrants are much lower than those of local residents, migrant workers work longer hours and have lower dependency ratios and higher labor force participation rates. Including migrants increases somewhat measures of urban income inequality. Significant differences between migrants and local residents are found for non-income welfare indicators such as housing conditions and access to social insurance programs.