开放经济条件下总供给曲线与货币政策效果研究

货币政策的作用效果不仅取决于货币政策对总需求曲线的调节作用,还要取决于总供给曲线的形状与位置。本文将总供给曲线与货币政策效果的关系放到一个开放经济中进行考察,着重分析了开放经济中生产要素国际流动对一国总供给曲线的影响,进而对该国货币政策的影响。理论分析表明,在开放条件下货币政策效果将面临更大的不确定性和两难冲突。本文在理论分析的基础上,对我国当前所处的外部经济环境和宏观经济形势进行了分析,并提出了政策建议。     

总需求—总供给模型分析及应用

国民收入决定理论包括三个模型,即简单国民收入决定理论、IS—LM模型、总需求—总供给模型。文章从总需求和总供给对宏观经济的影响出发,分别就总需求曲线、短期总供给曲线和长期总供给曲线对总需求—总供给模型的变动影响,结合实际事例说明总需求—总供给模型对宏观经济的影响。     

我国宏观经济调控政策的一个探讨

文章从我国的宏观调控目标出发,分别从总供给和总需求两个角度来探讨我国当今宏观调控的方向和手段。     

"有效需求"辨误

有效需求,按照凯恩斯的解释,是指总供给曲线和总需求曲线相交时的总需求量.正确理解这一定义,要注意以下两点:1.有效需求是需求曲线上一个点所对应的值.这要从两方面来理解:一方面,有效需求首先是"需求",而不仅仅指"购买力"或"欲望".我们知道,需求就是指有购买力支撑的欲望.     

从宏观政策的动态不一致性说开来--谈政府信用与固定规则

一、从短期总供给曲线到菲利普斯曲线 政策的动态不一致性与通胀和自然产出率、或者是自然失业率彼此的交替关系有关。这就是著名的菲利普斯曲线，它是从短期总供给曲线推导出来的。短期总供给曲线：YF=YN α(P—P^e)，现在我们由此推导菲利普斯曲线。     

通过加总推出的总供给曲线

总供给曲线的推导是宏观经济学中的最重要内容之一。在大多数宏观经济模型中 ,在推导总供给曲线时 ,加总问题 (aggregationproblem)往往被忽略。一般认为 ,总供给曲线是各企业供给曲线的简单算术和或是一个代表性企业供给曲线的简单放大。但是 ,在现实中 ,各个企业是不同的。只有在非常严格的条件下 ,总供给曲线与企业供给曲线在性质上才是等价的。考虑到中国经济的制度性特点并在解决加总的一系列技术问题的基础上 ,本文推导出了在企业劳动生产率服从均匀分布情况下的总供给曲线。通过这种方法推出的总供给曲线具有许多传统总供给曲线所不具有的新性质。笔者希望本文能为进一步研究处于微观经济和宏观经济之间的往往被忽视的一块重要领域 (“中观经济领域”)做出贡献。     

我国经济的周期性波动与宏观调控

我国经济周期性波动，主要取决于总供给与总需求的关系，通过对2001年至今经济波动形势及国家宏观调控措施分析，总结出宏观调控的成效并指出面临的新问题。     

我国经济的周期性波动与宏观调控

我国经济周期性波动,主要取决于总供给与总需求的关系,通过对2001年至今经济波动形势及国家宏观调控措施分析,总结出宏观调控的成效并指出面临的新问题。     

成本冲击、通货膨胀与货币政策——基于总供给-总需求框架的实证分析

本文系统地回顾了有关中国通货膨胀的文献,我们发现,现有的研究通常偏重于数据挖掘,而忽视了普适性宏观经济理论的约束,因而所得出的结论其经济学含义值得商榷。尽管总供给-总需求框架是十分简洁的宏观分析框架,但是很少有人用它的具体方程来推导通货膨胀的决定式,并将所得来的决定式用之进行中国的实证分析,使理论研究与实证分析相互印证。本文创新性地在总供给-总需求框架下,首先对封闭经济下的通货膨胀成因做了较为深入分析,接着将模型推广到开放经济中以获得计量上可估的线性方程,并利用中国的数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,中国通胀的形成是由供给面和需求面两方面因素共同决定的,这也在数量上验证了总供给-总需求框架在中国的适用性。其中,产出缺口增大、劳动力增速放缓、货币增速变大、人民币实际有效汇率同比增速减缓、大宗商品价格增速走高都显著性地导致通胀率的抬升,且它们对于通货膨胀的影响的显现具有一定的时滞性。鉴于此,我们建议,当经济体遭遇供给冲击(刘易斯拐点、大宗商品价格高企等)时,货币政策尤其需要审慎,以避免因刺激性宏观政策形成成本推动与需求拉动相互强化所导致的螺旋式价格上涨。     

总供给的微观基础

当代宏观经济学把总供给看成是物价水平的函数，而经济增长理论又以社会总生产函数为基础。那麽总供给与总生产函数之间的关系究竟如何？总供给与总生产函数的微观基础是否牢靠？本文从各个企业的生产函数和成本函数出发研究这些问题，找到了社会总生产函数和社会总成本函数的构成形式，并证明了社会的产品总供给和要素总需求正好是在社会总生产函数下，实现社会利润最大化的产品供给与要素需求，从而为宏观经济学中的总供给和总生产函数建立了微观基础。     

New Keynesian Versus New Classical Theories of Aggregate Supply: Evidence from the Oecd Countries

Using annual and quarterly data for the OECD countries this paper tests four theories of aggregate supply, namely the sticky wage, the sticky price, the worker misperception and the producer misinformation models. The empirical estimates suggest that the short run aggregate supply curve is positively sloped as a result of price and wage stickiness. Furthermore, the slope of the aggregate supply curve is found to be a positive function of the rate of inflation which is consistent with the sticky price model.     

Patinkin,the Cowles Commission,and the theory of unemployment and aggregate supply

The paper provides an account of Don Patinkin's long-time search for an explanation of the notions of an aggregate demand constraint and unemployment under the assumption of a perfectly competitive goods market. It is argued that Patinkin's quest is reflected on the development of the concept of an aggregate supply function in the goods market. Patinkin's interpretation of aggregate supply and unemployment is compared to similar ideas put forward by Jacob Marschak, Trygve Haavelmo and Lawrence Klein, his former colleagues at the Cowles Commission in Chicago.     

Aggregate labor market fluctuations under news shocks

The standard RBC model fails to replicate the relationship between aggregate hours worked and average productivity. We propose a DSGE model that incorporates habit formation preferences, capital adjustment costs, and news shocks to solve the puzzle implied in the standard RBC model with only technological shocks. The aggregate labor supply curve is shifted due to the wealth effect caused by the variation of consumption under a news shock. Moreover, capital adjustment costs help amplify the variation of consumption, and thus the movement of the aggregate labor supply curve under the news shock. Also, the aggregate demand curve will be shifted, as it operates in the standard RBC model after the realization of the news shock. As a result of the joint movement of the aggregate labor supply curve and aggregate labor demand curve under the news shock, the model achieves a relationship quite close to the empirically observed relationship.     

A two-period model of the competitive socialist labor-managed firm

This paper investigates the role of price expectations in the short-run supply response of the competitive socialist labor-managed firm. The insights gained from the analysis of the two-period model presented in this paper are used to clarify the role of price expectations in the literature on labor-managed firms. It is found that the type of price expectation assumption, made implicitly or explicitly, affects the slope of the firm's short-run supply curve.     

Response to Garegnani,Pivetti and Vianello

The paper begins with a critical evaluation of the modelling of the individual supply function of labour in orthodox economics. The varying ways in which the aggregate labour supply curve has been represented in macroeconomics texts is then outlined. A proposal for a simple representation of the aggregate labour supply curve based on economic, social and institutional realities is then provided. Finally the implications of our discussion for macroeconomic analysis are drawn.     

Incomplete markets,liquidation risk,and the term structure of interest rates

We analyse the term structure of interest rates in a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets, borrowing constraint, and positive net supply of government bonds. Uninsured idiosyncratic shocks generate bond trades, while aggregate shocks cause fluctuations in the trading price of bonds. Long bonds command a “liquidation risk premium” over short bonds, because they may have to be liquidated before maturity – following a bad idiosyncratic shock – precisely when their resale value is low – due to the simultaneous occurrence of a bad aggregate shock. Our framework endogenously generates limited cross-sectional wealth heterogeneity among the agents (despite the presence of uninsured idiosyncratic shocks), which allows us to characterise analytically the shape of the entire yield curve, including the yields on bonds of arbitrarily long maturities. Agents? desire to hedge the idiosyncratic risk together with their fear of having to liquidate long bonds at unfavourable terms implies that a greater bond supply raises the level of the yield curve, while an increase in the relative supply of long bonds raises its slope.     

Money disillusion and stagflation

In the conventional income-expenditure model with rigid wages, the aggregate supply curve is upward sloping. Increases in demand therefore imply increases in real output and employment. We demonstrate here that this conclusion depends on the form of money illusion implied by the rigid wage assumption. If we assume instead that labor supply is more sensitive to price increases than to wage increases, the aggregate supply curve is negatively sloped, and the conventional policy multipliers are thereby reversed. In the second section, we show that this result also follows if labor supply depends on the expected real wage.     

Supply and marginal firms in general equilibrium

For economies with a large number of small firms, price induced changes in supply are decomposed into substitution and entry effects. Marginal firms (those earning zero profit) play a significant role in the determination of the slope of aggregate supply.     

Investment rates and the aggregate production function

In this paper we consider a simple version of the neoclassical growth model, and carry out an empirical analysis of the main determinants of aggregate investment across countries. The neoclassical growth model predicts that aggregate investment may be influenced by income growth, the capital income share, the relative price of capital, taxes, and other market distortions. We check these investment patterns for both OECD and non-OECD countries. We also decompose investment data into equipment and structures, and explore major factors affecting their relative prices. These empirical exercises shed light into the shape of the neoclassical production function.