股票、债券与长期投资

<正> 小弗雷得·施维得的《客户的游艇在哪里?》是一本讽刺华尔街的作品,其中的投资家仿佛卡通人物。在该书的第八章一——《投资——问题很多、答案很少》中,作者提出一个投资建议: 在股市繁荣期间,当每个人都争相购买普通股的时候,把你所有的普通股都卖掉,然后用所有收入购买保守的债券。你卖出的股票肯定还会涨,但别去理它——静静地等待萧条,它迟早会来临     

Household Saving in Japan

Recent research has indicated that Japanese and American saving behaviour may not be fundamentally different. In this paper we have tried to determine if aggregate saving in Japan, as in the United States, is driven by a small number of very wealthy or high-income households. We found that about 12% of households account for 75% of total positive saving, 75% of total negative saving and 75% of total net saving. These conclusions reinforce the hypothesis that the savings process in Japan is not distinctive, and highlight the importance of research on the heterogeneity of saving behaviour.
JEL Classification Numbers: D12, D31, E21.     

健康与家庭资产选择

本文采用中国居民家庭微观调查数据,运用资产参与和资产分配模型,分别讨论健康状况对居民家庭资产配置行为的影响。研究结果表明:投资者的健康状况不显著影响其参与股票市场和风险资产市场的决定,但影响家庭的股票或风险资产在总财富中的比重,健康状况不佳会导致这两个比重较低,在控制了参保情况或时间展望期后这一影响仍然显著;而投资者风险态度和遗赠动机能够一定程度上解释健康风险的影响。     

Uncertain Pension Income and Household Saving

This paper investigates the relationship between household saving and pensions, and estimates both the displacement effect of pensions on private saving and the precautionary saving effect due to uncertainty in pension income. I estimate the savings equation implied by a simple life‐cycle model featuring income uncertainty using survey data for Dutch households, with subjective expectations on pension benefits and uncertainty. Exploiting exogenous variation due to pension fund performance, I find that households save significantly more due to uncertainty in pension income. Not controlling for uncertainty biases the estimated displacement effect of pensions on private savings towards zero.     

省外务工经历与农村家庭金融资产选择

本文运用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),研究了省外务工经历对农村家庭金融资产选择的影响。为避免模型可能存在内生性问题,本文还选取"各省近20年平均城镇失业率"作为工具变量,使用工具变量法进行估计。研究发现:省外务工经历能够显著提高农村家庭参与风险性金融市场的可能性,并且能够提高其风险性金融资产的配置比例;省外务工经历通过增加收入、增长金融知识、增强社会网络来提高农村家庭参与风险性金融市场的可能性和参与程度。据此可以有针对性地引导农村家庭合理配置金融资产,进而使农村居民更好地分享中国资本市场快速发展带来的红利。     

预期社会化、资产选择行为与家庭财产性收入

文章从心理、经济和社会的综合视角,通过提出预期社会化的形成与传导机理,构建"心理(预期社会化)→行为(资产选择行为)→结果(财产性收入)"的分析框架,运用无条件分位数回归等估计技术,采用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,实证检验了预期社会化影响资产选择行为与财产性收入的研究假设.研究发现:预期社会化促进了家庭的金融投资行为,加快了财产性收入的增长.但是预期社会化对家庭财产性收入的积极效应并非同质,家庭预期社会化水平和能力的差异加剧了家庭财产性收入差距的扩大.文章的研究结论不仅为解释家庭财产性收入积累与差距找到了新的理论依据和经验证据,而且为预期管理政策的制定提供了重要参考价值.     

中国家庭资产配置与异质性消费者行为分析

中国居民家庭存在资产规模增长、结构多元化与消费需求相对不足共存的现象。在此背景下,研究资产结构对消费者行为的影响显得尤为重要。本文根据资产结构识别异质性消费者,综合了流动性约束和预防性储蓄理论,通过估计暂时性收入冲击下的边际消费倾向,以及不确定性引致的财富积累,探讨了不同资产结构下异质性消费者行为的差异。本文不仅验证了资产变现难易程度对消费路径平滑和流动性约束的作用,同时发现了住房资产通过影响预防性储蓄行为,导致了流动性约束程度的差异。本文从资产流动性和住房资产需求角度,结合家庭住房资产占总资产比重高与需求刚性较强的典型事实,为中国居民消费需求相对不足的原因提供了一种解释,有助于把握消费刺激政策的着力点,进而增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用。     

Precautionary Saving,Financial Risk,and Portfolio Choice

Relying on a direct question about the desired amount of precautionary wealth from the 2002 wave of the Italian “Survey of Household Income and Wealth,” I assess the main determinants of the precautionary motive for saving, focusing on the role played by financial risk on households' saving decisions. Households that invest mainly in safe assets do not need to protect themselves against future and unexpected financial losses. Consequently, once we control for households' sources of risk beside financial ones, the amount of precautionary savings of a household investing exclusively in safe assets should be lower compared to households who detain a non‐negligible share of risky assets in their portfolio. Results show that, as expected, a strong and negative correlation exists between the desired amount of precautionary wealth and the ownership of a portfolio made exclusively of safe assets.     

Household Saving and The Rate of Interest*

This paper examines the relationship between the post-tax real interest rate and the Australian household saving ratio at the empirical level. Using alternative models of the consumption-saving decision and different estimation periods, it is shown that the post-tax real interest rate exerts a significant negative influence on the saving ratio. The estimates, therefore, imply that the fall in post-tax real interest rates during the 1970s contributed to the rise in the Australian saving ratio.     

中国非农业住户部门循环账户的构建与理论阐述

非农业住户部门经济核算是构建中国住户部门核算体系的重要组成部分。依据SNA1993的相关理论和方法,结合中国的具体国情,本文界定了非农业住户部门生产核算的主体与范围,界定出非农业住户部门在不同国民经济活动阶段与其他机构部门间所发生的所有经济交易。在此基础上设计出非农业住户部门的生产账户、收入初次分配账户、收入再次分配账户和收入使用账户,并在循环账户的基础上构建出非农业住户部门的综合经济账户。     

Precautionary Saving and Health Insurance: A Portfolio Choice Perspective

This paper analyzes the impact of health insurance on household portfolio choice. Using the U.S. Survey of Consumer Finance and Health Retirement Survey databases, it finds that insured households are more likely to own stocks and invest a larger proportion of financial assets in stocks than uninsured households do. The results remain strong even after controlling for household characteristics and reverse causality. Further, the results are robust across different survey years and data sources. It suggests that a precautionary motive is strong in household portfolio choice decisions.     

养老保险改革对家庭储蓄率的影响:中国的经验证据

本文利用1995年和1999年城镇住户调查数据(CHIPS)分析中国养老保险制度改革对家庭储蓄率的影响,从一个新的角度解释20世纪90年代中后期中国家庭储蓄率上升的原因。1995—1997年间中国对城镇企业职工进行的养老保险制度改革使得企业职工养老金财富发生变化,这种养老金财富的变化具有外生性,因而这项改革可以作为一项政策实验用来识别养老金财富对家庭储蓄率的影响。研究结果表明:中国的储蓄行为可以由生命周期模型解释;养老金财富对于家庭储蓄存在显著的替代效应,这一效应平均为-0.4—-0.3左右;但不同家庭这种替代效应有明显差异,户主年龄在35—49岁的家庭,储蓄率会显著受到养老金财富的影响,其他家庭这一影响并不显著。     

Reconciling Household Surveys and National Accounts Data Using a Cross Entropy Estimation Method

This paper presents an approach to reconciling household surveys and national accounts data. The problem is how to use the information provided by the national accounts data to re-estimate the household weights used in the survey so that the survey results are consistent with the aggregate data. The estimation approach uses an estimation criterion based on an entropy measure of information. The survey household weights are treated as a prior. New weights are estimated that are close to the prior and that are also consistent with the additional information. This approach is implemented to reconcile household survey data and macro data for Madagascar. The results indicate that the approach is powerful and flexible, supporting the efficient use of information from a variety of sources to reconcile data at different levels of aggregation in a consistent framework.     

Wants and Working Wives: Household Demand and Saving in Australia*

Household survey data are used to compare the consumption and savings behaviour of families in which both husband and wife work with the behaviour when only the husband is employed. Other household characteristics allowed for are age, socio-economic class and family size. A linear systems model is used and attention is focused on alternative methods of estimating the parameters of the Klein-Rubin utility function. The preferred method involves the use of information from time-series studies in estimating the ‘subsistence’ parameters.     

劳动要素报酬、人口结构与中国居民储蓄

以动态一般均衡模型为出发点,分析劳动要素报酬、人口结构对居民储蓄率的影响,并运用中国1978～2009年的数据对劳动要素报酬、老人赡养比、儿童抚养比与中国居民储蓄率进行实证检验。研究发现,市场经济转型以来的劳动要素报酬高速增长、老人赡养比上升以及儿童抚养比的下降导致中国储蓄率不断升高,在此基础上给出相应的政策建议。     

国有银行与股份制银行资产组合配置的差异研究

商业银行国有产权与银行业绩表现的关系,近来成为一个热点话题。但是,很少有文章讨论银行国有产权与银行谨慎经营行为的关系。本文依据银行资产组合配置比率指标,研究了中国国有商业银行与股份制银行在谨慎行为方面的差异。实证结论表明:股份制银行比国有银行经营更为谨慎;国有银行由于管理与经营机制的改革正变得越来越谨慎。     

人口老龄化、寿险持有与家庭资产配置效率

基于非期望产出的DEA-SBM模型,首先测度了家庭层面的资产配置效率,弥补了过去测度家庭效率时未考虑房产的不足;然后借助Tobit模型实证考察了人口老龄化对居民家庭资产配置效率的影响。研究结果显示,老龄化程度的加深将抑制居民家庭资产配置效率的提升,且投资者的风险态度、家庭持有商业寿险是这一负向效应的重要传导渠道。从异质性分析来看,对于低收入、西部地区家庭,以及中青年家庭和持有中高债务规模的家庭而言,老年人占比对家庭资产配置效率的负向效应更明显。进一步讨论发现,流动性约束的存在放大了老龄化的负向效应,而普及金融知识教育、增强社会互动是提升家庭资产配置效率的有效途径。     

金融开放中本国银行的信贷安排研究

金融开放必然带来外国银行的进入。与外国银行相比，本国银行所拥有的私人信息可以带来对借款人的有效锁定。我们的模型指出，在这种情况下，（1）本国银行就会对信贷进行重新安排，以使更多的信贷流向那些被锁定的借款人；（2）如果借款人的资质和它的被锁定程度高度相关，不知情银行（外国银行）的竞争会使知情银行（本国银行）的贷款组合趋向恶化。     

论国民收入分流与储蓄存款变化规律

储蓄存款是国民收入经历三次分流后的产物。个人可支配收入是储蓄存款的直接来源。“梯级效应”是指收入水平决定消费水平，消费水平决定消费结构和消费量的层次递进的作用过程；“连代效应”是指消费水平影响储蓄水平，消费结构影响储蓄结构、消费是影响储蓄量的影响过程。科学技术、劳动生产率、连带需求既影响消费结构，又引起储蓄结构的变化。