经济地理与地区间工资差异

地区间收入差距究竟可以在多大程度上由需求的空间分布差异来解释?本文基于新经济地理学模型,利用1997年中国区域间投入产出表的流量数据,通过引力模型计算了衡量各地级城市空间需求大小的市场准入,并以此解释地级城市间的职工工资差异。本文发现:(1)各地级城市的市场准入差异极大;(2)工资对市场准入的弹性系数为0.22—0.32之间。基于上述实证依据,本文认为,各地级城市的市场准入差异是其工资差距存在的重要原因,而市场准入差异是劳动力流动的不充分性所产生的。     

Public Procurement, Market Integration, and Income Inequalities

Aggregate demand externalities are the source of the cumulative processes of the new economic geography. In this paper these externalities drive the endogenous emergence of the pattern of international specialization in integrating economies. A distinguishing feature of this work is that it considers two aspects of market integration simultaneously: reduction of trade costs, and liberalization of the public procurement market. The first dimension has been widely studied. Adding the second dimension, which is on the policy agenda of the WTO and the EU, yields insights concerning the pattern of international specialization, income inequalities, and welfare.     

市场潜力、经济集聚与地区间工资差异

基于劳动力、产业在地区间分布的不平衡性以及地区间工资差异的事实,本文构建了一个市场潜力与工资的新经济地理学(NEG)理论模型。理论分析表明:市场潜力对工资产生正面影响。市场潜力对工资产生正面影响来自两种渠道:一是市场潜力引发了经济集聚效应;二是市场潜力产生了逆经济集聚。相比之下,市场潜力引发了经济集聚效应更能提高和扩大地区工资水平与差异,因为经济集聚需要更低的贸易成本、较大的市场规模以及较高的经济发展水平。     

Economic Integration,Growth and Income Distribution

This paper constructs a two‐sector growth model with heterogeneous labour, to explore the impact of the economic integration on growth and income distribution. There are two sectors in each country, including the consumption‐good sector and the R&D sector. We suppose that the R&D sector produces new blueprints or ideas for these innovations, and hence provides the engine of growth. Assume that the talent's distribution of workers is the uniform distribution. We show that the economic integration will stimulate the developing countries' economic growth and then decrease its income inequality. In addition, we also demonstrate that if the growth rate of the advanced country rises after the integration, then income inequality of that will increase, and vice versa.     

Regional Integration and the Co-ordination of Capital Income Taxation

This paper addresses the question of the need for income tax harmonization in the context of regional integration. It analyses the international distortions and fiscal interdependence arising in the presence of tax rate differentials both under a theoretical and an empirical perspective, and with reference to actual experiences of harmonization attempts. Attention is also paid to the influence of the countries' size on the results, to the strategic behaviour of countries under different international taxations rules, and to the relationships with the countries excluded by the integration process. International tax uniformity does not appear to be the preferable solution, even if some form of concerted agreements might help in reducing inefficiencies deriving from taxation differentials. For instance, in the case of highly mobile factors, like financial capital, if the integrating countries apply the source principle and the interest rate is the same across them, the source-based tax rate on non residents must equal the residence country tax rate on residents. Such a rule would allow the countries to set autonomously their tax rate and, at the same time, eliminate cross-border effects. If there are more than two integrating countries, the tax rates on non residents should discriminate according to the internal tax rate of the residence country.
(J.E.L.: H87, F20, H20).     

Development Dynamics: Economic Integration and the Demographic Transition

This paper examines the influence of economic integration—widening of the trading area—on economic development and the demographic transition. Economies produce with different technologies depending on their scale. Greater integration between regions (greater extensive scale) is instrumental in changing rates of return, which generates an industrial revolution and provokes changes in child bearing behavior. The demographic transition follows from the mortality response to income and birth response to greater scale. The model is calibrated and simulated using historical data from Europe. Historical evidence is cited to support the idea that integration precedes the dramatic rise in economic growth rates.     

产品内国际分工模式下区域经济合作的福利和收入分配效应分析

与传统的区域经济一体化合作收益相比,产品内国际分工模式更有利于改善成员国的福利水平.根据国家类型的不同,以及产品内分工出现的部门不同,区域经济一体化合作对各成员国的不同生产要素所有者的影响是有差异的,需要根据不同情况作具体分析.     

经济增长、地区收入差距与公共支出

建立包含公共基础设施的两地区内生增长模型,将公共支出政策纳入统一的分析框架,同时合并考虑政府调控的各种支出手段对区域发展的综合影响。该模型表明与转移支付和传统的区域政策相对照,旨在减少革新成本的公共支出政策能提高经济增长率,同时促进区域间平等。     

商业周期与区际经济一体化——自然壁垒、经济结构与政策

文章着重从商业周期角度来对我国区际一体化状况进行实证研究,即主要从"市场自然分割"与"政策与经济结构"两方面因素来探索商业周期的区域差异.总体来看,我国所有地区在两个时间样本期间(1992～1997年与1998～2004年)的就业和产出周期同步性均有所增加,说明商业周期的演进与我国经济体制改革基本同步;文章还分析了影响商业周期的不同解释变量,结果显示:控制变量的距离、规模与周期存在显著的相关性,而体现"东西边界"的外生变量则在绝大部分回归中则显著为负,说明在我国东西部之间可能存在一道明显的"区域分界线",阻碍了大区域间的经济联系;此外,樊刚指数对区域周期的解释具有两面性,经济结构差异越合理,商业周期越走向同步性,而财政政策差异和贸易密度差异是我国商业周期的波动因素.     

区域一体化、经济增长与政治晋升

我国市场分割问题比较突出，但区域经济一体化的出现以及增多已成为一个重要现象。为什么有些省区选择市场分割，而有些却致力于区域一体化？地方政府在处理区际关系上的迥异行为是否具有内在一致性的解释？我们从中央政府按照经济绩效晋升地方政府官员的假设出发，构造一个地方官员晋升博弈模型，证明了，为了政治晋升最大化，地方官员选择地方市场分割还是区域一体化因条件而异。实证分析支持模型的预测。     

交通基础设施与中国区域经济一体化

利用2008年中国交通部省际货物运输周转量的普查数据,本文在引力方程的基础之上引入交通变量,以此来验证交通基础设施对中国区域经济一体化的影响。实证结果表明:(1)2008年中国省际贸易的边界效应处于6—21之间,这一数值与发达国家之间贸易的边界效应值比较接近;(2)交通基础设施的改善对中国的区域贸易产生了显著的正向影响;(3)交通基础设施越发达,则边界效应越低,说明交通基础设施促进中国区域贸易量的增加主要是促进了省际之间的贸易增加。所有这些均表明交通基础设施的改善对区域经济一体化的促进作用。     

经济一体化、地方保护主义与地区专业化

地区专业化是社会生产地域分工的表现形式,经济一体化和地方保护主义是影响地区专业化水平的重要因素。本文以2001～2008年我国30个省区的面板数据为样本,就经济一体化、地方保护主义与地区专业化的关系进行实证检验,结果发现:对外经济一体化对地区专业化具有显著的正效应,区域经济一体化的作用不显著,地方保护主义则会阻碍地区专业化水平的提高。因此,应进一步推动区域经济一体化,减少地方保护主义行为,发挥各地区的比较优势,促进地区产业的专业化发展。     

健康风险冲击对农户收入的影响

本文基于中国8个省份、1354个农户、跨度15年的微观面板数据,测算了大病冲击对于农户长期收入的影响以及健康风险冲击持续的时间。我们发现:(1)大病冲击在随后的12年里对于农户人均纯收入都有显著的负面影响;(2)大病冲击对于农户的短期与中期影响使得患病户人均纯收入平均降低5%—6%;(3)健康风险冲击的长期影响可持续大约15年,并且冲击对于中低收入农户的影响更为严重。     

Regional Economic Integration and Article XXIV of the GATT

This paper studies the economic impact of regionalism under the realistic assumptions of constant tariffs and asymmetric bloc formation. As an extension of the Krugman framework, the impact is decomposed into several components, each of which has a clear economic implication. Economic integration definitely worsens outsiders' welfare even if the external tariffs of the bloc are unraised. Bloc members' welfare first increases with the expansion of the bloc; but when about half of the world is united into the bloc, welfare begins to decrease. Simulation results shed some light on the incentive structure of major participants, who face various configurations of regional integration.     

区域经济一体化中的国际经济学

20世纪90年代以来,区域经济一体化出现了一些重要发展趋势。松散性经济一体化组织只能获得静态利益,而紧密性经济一体化组织既能得到静态利益,又能获得较大的动态利益。我国应从维护和增强自身利益出发,争取在比较有利的条件下加快与经济一体化的融合,又求经济现代化战略目标的最终实现。     

产业集群与区域创新融合发展的可行路径

产业集群是反映区域竞争力强弱的重要标志。分析了产业集群造就区域竞争力优势的条件,指出:区域创新体系与产业集群存在着必然的联系,建设区域创新体系的关键是促成产业集群形成和发展的制度条件;实施集群创导可以不断优化区域创新环境,提升区域创新能力。     

中国地区经济增长的动态关系研究

本文运用向量自回归(VAR)模型,考察了我国东中西三大地区经济增长之间的动态关系及其对地区差距的影响,实证结果表明东部地区的经济增长不仅有利于东部自身,也有利于中西部地区,中西部从东部经济增长中得到的益处大于从自身经济增长中得到的益处,这为完善中西部地区的经济发展战略乃至全国区域协调发展战略提供了启示.     

Impact of Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

The current study evaluates the economy wide impact of trade liberalization in the ASEAN region along with China, Japan and Korea (ASEAN + 3) by the year 2020 using the GTAP framework. The study also assesses the environmental impact of the trade liberalization in the region focusing on the seven environmental indicators (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, BOD, COD, Suspended Solid and Industrial Waste). The result shows that the countries under agreement (ASEAN + 3) will benefit with increased output, expansion of trade and welfare due to trade reforms. Further, the integration will increase the global welfare, although the regions not under agreement in the world will show a decline in output growth. Vietnam will be gaining with the highest output growth among the ASEAN region; however, the impact on the environment would not be favourable. The environmental impact reveals a mixed outcome for participating countries under the agreement. The paper provides useful insight in pursuing greater trade liberalization among the countries under the study.     

论我国参与区域经济一体化的战略思路

我国参与区域经济一体化的战略思路,即构建包括中国自由贸易区、中国———东盟自由贸易区、上海合作组织自由贸易区、东北亚自由贸易区等在内的环中国自由贸易区。     

Optimal Redistributive Income Taxation and Efficiency Wages*

In this paper, we integrate efficiency wage setting with the theory of optimal redistributive income taxation. In doing so, we use a model with two skill types, where efficiency wage setting characterizes the labor market faced by the low‐skilled, whereas the high‐skilled face a conventional, competitive labor market. We show that the marginal income tax implemented for the high‐skilled is negative under plausible assumptions. The marginal income tax facing the low‐skilled can be either positive or negative, in general. An increase in unemployment benefits contributes to a relaxation of the binding self‐selection constraint, which makes this instrument particularly useful from the perspective of redistribution.