中国的金融深化和生产率关系的再检测:1987-2001

金融中介和增长的关联问题在发展经济学文献中广受关注。金融中介的深化增加投资的流动性,提高金融资源的回报,从而提高生产率,所以被认为是经济增长的“发动机”。本文利用省份面板数据研究了中国各地区生产率变化如何受到金融深化过程的影响。通过构建对金融深度的适当测度,本文发现金融深化和生产率增长之间呈显著为正的关系。考虑到沿海和内地金融深化模式的差异,既然地区差距越来越被认为是与生产率差异相联的,这一发现同时解释了中国地区差距的扩大趋势。     

我国新一轮经济增长要求适时调整积极财政政策

我国实施六年之久的积极财政政策在国民经济增长的数量效应方面效果显著,而在质量效应方面却有待商榷。适时调整积极财政政策,提高其在促进国民经济增长质量方面的效应应是财政政策未来的取向。     

农村金融发展、金融中介效率与农村经济增长：1978-2008

文章利用1978—2008的年度数据,通过协整检验、向量误差修正模型、G ranger因果检验等方法实证检验了农村金融发展、金融中介效率与农村经济增长的关系。实证结果表明,农村金融发展规模的提升并未促进农村经济增长,而农村金融中介效率的提升有助于农村经济增长。农村金融发展滞后于农村经济增长,二者之间并未形成良性互动机制。继续推进农村金融改革,扩大农村金融供给,突破农村金融促进农村经济增长的＂门槛＂,同时提升支农贷款的效率是农村金融进一步发展的方向。     

技术进步与经济增长的实证分析及其财税政策

本运用柯布-道格拉斯（C-D）生产函数和索洛模型,对中国20多年来经济增长中的技术进步作用进行了定量测量。结果表明,我国技术进步择经济增长的贡献份额与经济发达国家相比,有相当大的差距。因此,要建立有效的科技税收政策,支持科技进步,发挥它在经济增长中的主导作用。     

Fiscal Policy,Economic Integration and Unemployment

In this paper fiscal policy is examined for an open economy characterized by unemployment due to efficiency wages. We allow for capital and firm mobility in a model where the government chooses the level of wage, source-based capital and profit taxation. The taxing choices of governments are analyzed in scenarios which differ with respect to the constraints imposed on the set of available taxes and on the mobility of firms. As a general result, the welfare loss from labor market imperfections increases when tax bases become internationally mobile, which suggests an increasing relevance of domestic labor-market reforms when tax bases become global.     

税收、财政支出与内生经济增长

构建了基于财政支出、税收的内生经济增长模型,并推导出在给定税收、财政支出政策的变化路径时,经济会达到竞争性分散均衡,税率与经济增长存在倒-U型关系,政府投资性支出与经济增长之间正相关。利用中国省际面板数据进行实证检验显示,在我国经济运行中,总产出、消费、投资、政府投资性支出、税率、利息率、工资水平之间存在长期均衡关系。我国宏观税率为28.63%时达到最优值,政府投资性支出对经济增长率存在正向影响,但不同区域间存在较大差异性。     

Liquidity Preference and Financial Intermediation

We examine the characteristics of optimal monetary policies in a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets. Markets are incomplete because of uninsured preference uncertainty, and because productive capital is traded infrequently. Rational individuals are willing to hold a liquid asset—money—at a premium. Monetary policy interacts with existing financial institutions to determine this premium, as well as the level of precautionary holdings. We show that inflation is expansionary, and that the optimal inflation rate is positive if there is no operative banking system (the Tobin effect). Otherwise, efficiency requires that money be undominated in its rate of return (the Friedman Rule).     

金融中介及关系银行——基于广东外资企业银行融资数据的研究

本文根据外资银行和国有商业银行向在中国境内的外资企业提供的外币贷款和人民币贷款的数据 ,对金融中介及关系银行进行了实证研究。我们的主要结论有两点 :第一 ,企业与银行建立起来的金融业务关系越长久 ,那么其所获得的外币贷款利率就越低。这是对金融中介理论的支持。另外 ,外资控股、第三方担保等因素 ,也具有降低外币贷款利率的效应。第二 ,人民币贷款的利率随着外资企业与更多的银行建立和保持合作关系而降低。人民币贷款主要是由我国商业银行提供。如果商业银行间的竞争仅仅是用来作为信贷定价的主要决定因素 ,而不是用来推进金融创新 ,提供高质量的金融产品和服务 ,那么这将会损害我国商业银行的获利能力并进而影响金融系统的健康发展。     

China's Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Economic Growth

The present paper applies Lucas's theory of endogenous growth and Stiglitz's theory of local public goods to build an econometric model consisting of five simultaneous equations to study China's fiscal decentralization effects on regional economic growth. The model is estimated by two‐stage least squares using a set of panel data on 31 Chinese provinces during 1996–2005. The estimated results show that China's fiscal decentralization increased the local governments' expenditure on physical infrastructure and education, which led to the rising local physical capital stock and human capital levels, respectively, and then resulted in the growth of regional economies.     

财政政策的供给效应与经济发展

本文分析了发展中国家公共投资对私人资本积累的动态响应。针对公共资本的拥挤性特征 ,同时考虑财政投资可能引起的风险。在不考虑公共投资风险的分权经济中 ,由于公共资本和私人资本都处于短缺状态 ,企业争夺拥挤性公共资本而扩张私人资本的投资行为虽然使经济超常增长 ,但是存在过度投资和过度拥挤。在集中优化模型中 ,如果考虑到公共投资的风险 ,政府通过税收方式弥补公共投资风险 ,同时将企业投资产生的拥挤效应内部化 ,就能消除企业的过度投资和过度拥挤现象 ,使经济保持合理持续的增长。对中国这样的发展中国家 ,需要重视财政的供给效应 ,在经济起飞初期保证一定数量的政府资本性支出是必要的 ,但随着经济的不断发展和政府资本性支出累积的风险增加 ,财政转型十分必要。     

财政分权、融资约束与税收政策周期性

中国的税收立法权集中,而税收征管执法权却高度分散,宏观税收政策的周期性应由中央和地方政府的财政行为共同决定。本文在税收平滑模型基础上引入财政分权体制下国税和地税部门两个税收政策执行主体,发现中央和地方债务融资约束的不同以及税收共享机制将导致中央、地方税收政策周期相背离——中央税收政策是逆周期的,地方税收政策是顺周期的,而宏观税收政策是非周期性的。基于中国2002—2013年间29个省级单位国、地税征管数据的实证检验为中央、地方税收政策周期相背离的理论假说提供了经验证据。本文的发现不仅为理解税收征管体制改革提供了一个新的视角,而且对优化中央"减税降费"政策效果,从分税制、地方债务、转移支付等财政体制源头上治理税收政策顺周期行为具有参考价值。     

Monetary Policy Shocks and Heterogeneous Finance Decisions: A Model of Hidden Effort Choice and Financial Intermediation

Abstract. The paper investigates how monetary policy shocks influence the composition of firms' external finance given that firms are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity stems from differences in the availability of internal funds and in the monitoring costs associated with bank finance. These costs are determined by the intensity of the lending relationship. By using a delegated monitoring approach it is found that bank loans serve as a substitute for internal funds if the lending relationship is sufficiently close. Moreover, banks with strong credit ties to their customers are not only able to protect borrowers from liquidity constraints following a monetary tightening but are even able to extend their business lending.     

The Role of Fiscal Policy in the Eighties*

After surveying objections to using expansionary fiscal policy to raise output and employment. this article concludes that budget deficits do not necessarily lead to high interest rates and that crowding out is only moderate. even with non-accommodating monetary policy. The major constraint on the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy is the need to avoid devaluation. If real wages are rigid downwards. devaluation will lead to increases in inflationary pressure rather than increases in output. Because of this. and because of inflationary pressure from short-run Phillips curve effects. expansionary fiscal policy must be complemented by a prices and incomes policy.     

Fiscal Policy, Congestion, and Endogenous Growth

We devise an endogenous growth model with private and public physical capital, and human capital, which allows for relative and absolute congestion. According to empirical evidence, long-run growth is invariant to fiscal policy. Despite its complexity, the dynamics of the market economy and the centralized economy are analyzed in detail. We show that an increase in absolute congestion reduces the long-run growth rate of output. In contrast, relative congestion does not affect long-run growth. In the absence of congestion, it is optimal to use lump-sum taxation, and with congestion it is optimal to also tax income.     

金融发展与经济增长:从动员性扩张向市场配置的转变

本报告在回顾中国金融体制结构与经济增长特征的基础上,运用干中学的信用扩张模型,结合开放经济中平衡信贷规模扩张与通货膨胀机制的探讨,揭示出中国高速经济增长中的货币、金融政策的特定制度安排。本报告认为,这样的制度安排可以有效解释中国转轨时期的高增长和低通胀,同时指出该制度作用下所存在的成本和风险,并提出从动员型金融向市场配置型金融转型的相应对策。     

新常态下经济结构调整与财政政策取向

对于一个国家的经济发展来说,其主要动力来源于经济结构调整。改革开放以来,中国经济结构不断优化,有力地推动了经济的快速发展。在中国经济进入新常态的背景下,主动调整和优化经济结构仍是迫在眉睫的重要任务。作为国家经济管理的重要手段,财政政策在启动、刺激和调整国家的经济运行方面能够发挥有效的功能。对财政政策影响经济结构的方式进行了分析,指出经济结构的战略性调整、优化和升级是今后中国财政政策实施的立足点和着力点。     

财政分权、转换系数与经济增长

在古典增长模式和内生增长模式下,以往文献多是注重规模因素和供给层面对经济增长的决定作用。事实上,结构因素、需求层面和调控层面对经济增长的决定作用越来越居于主导地位。基于此,本文通过引入转换系数这个概念,构建了一个集规模因素与结构因素、供求力量与调控力量于一体的集成型经济增长模型;通过模型的模拟得出经济体系中的转换系数在现阶段对经济增速的影响最为显著;进而指出企业家是推动经济增长的中坚力量。另外,作为案例,本文综合计量和模拟等数学工具,就SARS对经济的冲击与政府抗击疫情和挽救市场进行了模拟。     

Growth Effects of Fiscal Policy and Debt Sustainability in the EU

In this paper we study the relationship of fiscal policy and economicperformance of some core countries in the EU. Our aim is to find outwhether public deficit and public debt have consequences for real variables in the economies we consider. The background of our empirical study is a growth model that provides us with some predictions on the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth. In a first step we then use Granger causality tests to analyze empirically whether some of the implications of our model arecompatible with the data. In a second step, we investigate whether the fiscalpolicies of the member states have been sustainable. Given this information,we then pursue the question of whether differences in the fiscal positions ofcountries have consequences as concerns the outcome of our empirical testsof step one. Finally, we study whether the impact of the public deficit ratiodepends on the magnitude of the debt ratio.