经济增长与环境污染——环境库兹涅茨曲线假说的中国检验

本文运用1996-2002年我国省际面板数据,对我国经济增长与包括水污染、大气污染与固体污染排放在内的6类环境污染指标之间的关系进行了实证检验.实证结果发现,环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线关系很大程度上取决于污染指标以及估计方法的选取.就本文选取的部分污染指标(工业废水排放、二氧化硫排放)而言,也存在以相对低的人均收入水平越过环境倒U型曲线转折点的可能.并且,包括人口规模、技术进步、环保政策、贸易开放以及产业结构调整等在内的污染控制变量分别对环境库兹涅茨曲线关系起着重要影响.     

投资清洁能源技术 促进经济绿色增长

当前,全球同时面临两个重大挑战：尽快走出经济危机和应对能源供应和气候变化安全,实现向低碳的过渡。全球向低碳的过渡将催生能源技术革命。为促进经济恢复,世界主要经济体都实施了经济刺激计划。清洁能源技术是刺激计划投资的重点之一。本文在已有公开文献的基础上,总结了能源技术革命的主要内容、清洁能源技术对促进经济绿色增长的作用和主要经济体刺激计划对清洁能源投资的重点。分析了金融和经济危机对清洁能源技术发展的影响,提出实施综合技术政策,以能源技术革命促经济绿色增长。试图回答如何将迎接能源技术革命和促进经济恢复结合起来的问题。     

On Impatience, Economic Growth and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Dynamic Analysis of Resource Management

The paper presents a dynamic analysis of natural resource management and investigates some key factors that affect optimal management and resource conservation.Using a recursive specification of time preferences, we show how endogenous discounting and impatience can affect the motivation for both capital investments and environmental preservation. We examine the relationships between economic growth and environmental quality. Endogenous discounting provides new insights in the economic dynamics underlying the environmental Kuznets curve. By treating growth as endogenous, we examine how externalities and economic growth interact with each other. We investigate how economic development can contribute to an increased demand for environmental preservation. As an important new result, we also show how poverty can contribute to environmental degradation.     

The Level of Pollution and the Economic Growth Factor: A Nonparametric Approach to Environmental Kuznets Curve

Journal of Quantitative Economics - This paper uses nonparametric method to study the relationship between economic growth and the level of pollution. The results indicate that as income increases...     

Does S. Kuznets's belief question the Environmental Kuznets Curves?

Abstract.  This paper examines the link between pollution and income. The main purpose is to assess whether the introduction of income inequality in a Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis can give new insights into the relationship between pollution and economic growth. The EKC hypothesis proposes that there is an inverted U‐shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita. We question this common result, in a simple model where the income inequality evolution is exogenous and where the planner could use only one instrument. For a set of parameter values we find, for example, a two‐hump curve. JEL classification: D3, H4, Q2.     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线分析经济发展与环境问题的再思考

环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）是西方经济学的一种假说,是用于研究经济发展（收入）与环境关系而设计的一种模型和方法。本文以江苏为例,分析经济发展与环境污染之间的关系,进而寻找突破EKC拐点的发展路径。影响经济与环境的原因比较复杂,与当地经济发展水平和发展模式、产业结构、技术水平、环境政策、环境法律和国民素质等因素有关。在运用EKC进行实证分析的基础上,应借鉴发达国家的经验,加快产业转型,积极主动地治理环境。大力调整产业结构,优化经济发展,从源头上减少环境污染。加大环保资金投入,加快环保项目的研究和转化,从技术上突破环境治理的难题。建立一套科学的环境政策机制和监管制度,从机制、制度上保障环境质量的显著提高。     

Strategic Environmental Policy, Clean Technologies and the Learning Curve

In the political discussion, it is often emphasized that the environmental service industry (which produces a clean factor of production) benefits from an early and strong environmental policy. This is especially likely if the costs of production are decreasing over time due to learning curve effects. Surprisingly, the environmental service industry has not been integrated into the theory of strategic environmental policy yet. Our main question is whether a national leadership in environmental policy can pay off if profits of the environmental service industry are taken into account. We consider a two-period model with one firm in each country competing on a third market. Emissions can be substituted by the clean factor when deciding upon the production technology. The unit costs of producing the clean factor in the second period are decreasing in the quantity produced in the initial period. We derive the optimal environmental policy for both periods from a national point of view and show that the presence of the environmental service industry can indeed lead to a national leadership in pollution control.     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线分析经济发展与环境问题的再思考

环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)是西方经济学的一种假说,是用于研究经济发展(收入)与环境关系而设计的一种模型和方法.本文以江苏为例,分析经济发展与环境污染之间的关系,进而寻找突破EKC拐点的发展路径.影响经济与环境的原因比较复杂,与当地经济发展水平和发展模式、产业结构、技术水平、环境政策、环境法律和国民素质等因素有结构,优化经济发展,从源头上减少环境污染.加大环保资金投入,加快环保项目的研究和转化,从技术上突破环境治理的难题.建立一套科学的环境政策机制和监管制度,从机制、制度上保障环境质量的显著提高.     

Environmental Policy and the International Diffusion of Cleaner Energy Technologies

Technology transfer is an important channel of technological change and sustainable development for countries with less innovative ability than technological leaders. This paper studies whether domestic environmental policies affect the inward technology transfer of cleaner innovation from abroad. We focus specifically on the power sector, for its important role in the decarbonization process, by looking at zero-carbon (renewable) and carbon-saving (efficient fossil) technologies for energy production. Using data on cross-country patent applications, we provide evidence that environmental policy contributes to attracting foreign cleaner technology options to OECD markets but not to non-OECD markets. We show that this is due to the nature of the implemented policy instruments. Market-based approaches positively impact technology transfer to both OECD and non-OECD economies, while non-market based approaches have at best only a weak effect in OECD countries. Domestic environmental policies may provide too weak a signal for foreign innovators in countries off the technological frontier. This calls for a strengthening of policy incentives for technology transfer in light of pressing climate change objectives.     

海洋经济增长与海洋环境污染的库兹涅茨曲线实证研究

文章基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的基本理论,以中国海洋经济为研究对象,对北 部海洋经济圈、东部海洋经济圈、南部海洋经济圈开展实证研究,选取 2001-2014年 工业废水、废气和固体废弃物排放量为环境污染指标,以全国沿海地区同期人均第 二、三产业增加值为经济指标,建立面板模型和非参数计量模型,研究结果发现:①三大海洋经济圈海洋经济增长与环境污染之间曲线关系不完全符合典型的倒 “U”型EKC特征,包括线性正相关、 “N”型、倒 “N”型等多种形态;②通过对比分析,各海洋经济圈的 EKC曲线也呈现出差异性特征。因此,在生态文明建设背景下,国家应该依据区域海洋经济特征、因地制宜调控海洋经济发展,保持沿海地区海洋经济和海洋资源环境的空间均衡,实现海洋环境与经济协调发展。     

Quantifying Central Hypotheses on Environmental Kuznets Curves for a Rich Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium Study

We investigate whether the future relationships between several pollutants and per capita income in rich countries may assume the inverted U‐forms of Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC). The emission‐augmenting effect of scaling up aggregate economic activity can be counteracted by greener composition of production and consumption, technological progress, and increased demand for environmental quality and policy. To quantify the importance of these central hypotheses, we use a CGE model with endogenous policy for Norway. Our results suggest significant future effects of all these three counteracting mechanisms. For most local and regional pollutants, they may be strong enough to prolong the falling emission trends. However, we cannot rely on reductions in emissions of climate gases and some transport‐related local pollutants. Our results also indicate that pollution leakages abroad are likely to take place.     

Explaining Differences in Economic Growth among OECD Countries

This paper re-examines the determinants of growth of GDP per capita using panel data for OECD countries for the period 1970–1999 with data averaged over five-year periods from new perspectives. First, we introduce indicators of innovation input and technological specialization simultaneously into the empirical growth equation. Second, we employ the system-GMM (Generalized-Method-of-Moments) panel estimator that controls for (a) the possible specification bias when variables are highly persistent over time and (b) the possible simultaneity bias. We find a large and statistically significant impact of business enterprise R&D (BERD) intensity on GDP per capita with an elasticity of 0.22. The share of high-technology exports is also significantly positively related to GDP per capita, but the magnitude suggests that BERD is more important than technological specialization in explaining the level of GDP per capita. Furthermore, we find that the budget deficit and government consumption (both measured as percentages of GDP) and the volatility of growth are significantly negatively related to GDP per capita.The authors would like to thank Gunther Tichy for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this article. We also thank the participants of the Austrian economic association conference (NOEG) and the Empirical Industrial Organization workshop at the WU WIEN for helpful comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the OeNB Jubiläumsfonds Project and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economy and Labor (BMWA).JEL codes: E62, H20, H50, O23, O40     

外商直接投资与环境库兹涅茨曲线

论文选取1992～2002年中国29个省市外商直接投资（FDI）、经济和环境相关数据，从定性和定量描述的角度探讨了FDI对我国环境库兹涅茨曲线（ECK）的影响。通过研究发现FDI与水污染物排放之间呈现出显著的正相关关系。不可否认，在我国接受经济全球化影响的过程中，由于部分地区急于吸引外资，加之我国环境管理体系的不完善，在某些方面，外商直接投资对我国环境造成了一定的负面影响。     

产业集聚与环境影响关系的库兹涅茨曲线检验

环境和经济增长问题一直都是经济学中备受关注的问题。产业集聚是随着经济发展出现的一种经济活动现象。产业的集聚对区域的经济增长起着重要的促进作用,但产业集聚过程引起的环境问题不容忽视。文章通过对中国2012年工业行业产业集聚水平测算,分析了中国产业集聚与环境影响的整体关系,同时利用甘肃省2012年工业企业相关数据,对产业集聚与环境影响的库兹涅茨曲线假说进行检验,并利用计量经济模型分析了产业集聚因素对环境影响的作用。中部、西部地区随着产业集聚水平的提高,引发的环境问题较为突出,大部分省(市、自治区)环境影响有明显的上升趋势,而东部地区大部分省(市)已经步入经济、环境双赢的发展局面;关于环境与经济发展关系的环境库兹涅茨曲线假说在产业集聚过程有着特有特征:轻工业为主的产业在在集聚过程中,环境影响会随着产业集聚水平的提高,环境影响有下降趋势,而以重工业为主的产业在集聚过程中,所引发的环境影响将更加突出。加大产业集聚过程中的固定资产投资的规模与增长速度,将有效地降低产业集聚造成的环境影响。     

中国的环境污染与经济增长

中国经济经历三十多年高速增长,但环境质量也日趋恶化。本文利用112座城市在2003—2010年间的大气污染浓度数据,考察我国经济增长和环境污染之间的关系。与以往研究不同的是,基于传统的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,我们发现所有的大气污染浓度指标都呈现出"U形"曲线关系。但是在考虑了每个城市特定的时间趋势变量后,高增长并不一定会导致高污染。最后,通过对同一污染物的排放数据和大气浓度数据进行对比分析,发现两者的回归结果截然相反。     

Openness and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from China

This paper investigates the relationship in China between trade, growth and emissions using provincial-level data for water (chemical oxygen demand: COD) and air (sulphur dioxide: SO₂). It analyses the period 1990–2007 in three steps. First, the income ‘turning point’ of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) has been estimated using quadratic log function and obtained a turning point consistent with existing studies. Second, adopting Dean's (2002) simultaneous equations system, the relationships between trade, growth and emissions has been estimated and the results confirm the dominance of scale effects over technique effects. Third, the estimated per capita turning point for EKC is used to split the provincial industrial database into two groups (below and above turning point income) and simultaneous equations are estimated separately for them. The split sample provided limited support for the trade-induced emissions hypothesis for COD, but not for SO_2. At the provincial level rising incomes via increased levels of international trade were associated with falling COD due to the technique effect, so that rising incomes among the provinces tended to be associated with lower emissions. Stricter environmental regulations are required for growing incomes because they may encourage better production techniques.     

经济发展与环境关系的实证研究

运用1995～2008年我国省际面板数据,对我国人均GDP与人类发展指数(HDI)两类经济发展指标与包括废水、废气、废渣的3类污染指标之间的关系进行了检验。实证结果发现,3类污染物指标与2类收入指标均大都呈现倒N型的关系,只有工业废水排放量与HDI呈现倒U型关系。表明我国各类污染物排放量随着经济的发展还是遵循较一致的路径的,这告诫我们,不发达省份应当吸收借鉴发达省份的环境治理经验,发挥后发优势,避免再走先污染后治理的老路。更为重要的是,已经越过倒N型第二个临界值的发达省份应极力避免经济发展与环境污染之间发生不利的重组现象,例如倒N型重组为W型。     

运用马克思主义经济增长理论诠释区域发展的内涵

马克思再生产理论是马克思主义政治经济学的重要组成部分,是马克思对经济增长的理论经典分析。文章运用马克思经济增长理论中关于扩大再生产实现方式的观点,诠释统筹区域发展的理论根源,得出科学发展观是对马克思经济增长理论创新的基本结论,其最终目标是实现国民经济持续、快速、健康发展。