The Role of Markets,Technology, and Policy in Generating Palm-Oil Demand in Indonesia

Indonesia produces more palm oil and consumes more palm oil per capita than any country in the world. This article examines the processes through which Indonesia has promoted palm-oil consumption and some of the consequences of that promotion. Partial equilibrium modelling shows that Indonesia's remarkable increase in palm-oil consumption since 1985 is not largely attributable to population and income growth. Instead, much of this consumption growth has resulted from substitution away from coconut oil, facilitated by government policies on technology, pricing, distribution, and trade. The switch from coconut oil to palm oil in Indonesia was associated with increased land conversions to agriculture and diminished smallholder competitiveness. Despite lower rates of cooking-oil substitution in the future, simulations suggest that Indonesia's total palm-oil consumption in 2035 will be at least double that of 2010.     

The Politics of Indonesian Textile Policy: The Interests of Government Agencies and the Private Sector

This paper uses case studies of policy making in the Indonesian textile industry to illustrate the roles of variables neglected by the two principle theories of economic policy making, the dependency and state-centric approaches. These include political-cultural variables, intra-bureaucratic politics, and interaction between the bureaucracy and the private sector, the press and political leaders.     

现代集约可持续农业的构想——构建我国农业可持续发展模式

党的十六大以来提出的一系列关于和谐农村、新农村建设的措施实际上都是为了解决三农问题，实施农业可持续发展战略，发展可持续农业。农业可持续包括农业生态可持续、农业经济可持续和农业社会可持续。本文从农业生态可持续——生态农业、农业经济可持续——规模效益农业和农业社会可持续——人本农业角度将这三个子系统组合成一个系统整体——现代集约可持续农业，从理论上构建我国农业可持续发展模式。提出实现现代集约可持续农业的路径。     

From Plantations to Smallholder Production: The Role of Policy in the Reorganization of the Sri Lankan Tea Sector

The Sri Lankan tea sector has changed from one dominated by vertically integrated plantations to one where independent processors of black tea purchase their input (green leaf tea) from small, independent growers. This paper provides a unifying conceptual framework to characterize three major factors affecting the changes in vertical coordination arrangements (transaction, production, and management costs). Regulation and government policy have altered these determinants of organizational change. Transaction costs have been reduced by state intervention into the price for green leaf which subsequently lowered the risk of processors re-negotiating prices downward. Production costs, which continue to be dominated by labor expenses due to the lack of technological developments for harvesting, have increased more for plantations than independent producers due to union pressures.     

Transfrontier parks and development in southern Africa: The case of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

The interface between local communities and transfrontier parks has received considerable attention, yet the utility of the transfrontier concept in developing livelihoods and environmental sustainability in southern Africa remains questionable. This paper argues that the benefits of transfrontier parks at regional, national and community levels cannot be overstated; neither should the problems be underestimated. Transfrontier parks may be viable alternatives in achieving development that is sustainable by protecting southern Africa's fragile environments, generating more funds and bringing significant and major improvements to the lives of the rural poor. At the same time, transfrontier parks raise issues of sovereignty of national governments, create complexity in governance processes and can lead to the needs of rural communities being sacrificed. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to reconcile conflictual and sometimes controversial circumstances in the establishment of transfrontier parks and, inquire further into the programmatic blueprints for transfrontier initiatives.     

The theory of the characteristic agriculture＇s development

The development of characteristic agriculture is the important way to adjust the agricultural structure and increase the farmer＇s income, and improve agricultural competitiveness. Scientific understanding of the basic characteristic agricultural content and features and grasping its basic ideas of development is the fundamentality to guide the economic development of agriculture. Based on the research of other scholars as a reference to agricultural development and based on the actual in Henan characteristic agriculture, we attempt to summarize the feature of the theory of agricultural development which can provide reference for the practices of characteristic agriculture.     

农业绿色发展路径及其“十四五”取向

随着农业资源环境问题的凸显,绿色发展成为农业发展的主流。基于对农业绿色发展关键要素的界定,提出农业绿色发展的三个阶段:去污,即农业生产过程的清洁化;提质,实现产地绿色化和产品优质化;增效,绿色成为农业高质量发展的内生动力。近年来,农业绿色发展取得了一定成就,但也存在政策分散、数据基础不牢、农业补贴制度改革进展缓慢、行政执法“一刀切”等问题。“十四五”时期,应以绿色发展驱动农业高质量发展,通过抓落实提高政策实效;注重摸清家底,摒弃部分无数据支撑的量化目标;加强对执法和行政的督察巡查,对政策执行过失加大问责力度;不断深化农业支持保护制度,向绿色生态方向改革。     

后现代农业:包容性增长理念下中国现代农业发展的新趋势

现代农业在获得巨大发展的同时,也产生了诸如土地资源和生态环境破坏严重、人类安全健康突出、农村与城市发展失衡等问题。文章认为,未来时期以追求人、经济、社会、生态协调可持续发展的后现代农业是我国农业发展的导向,应坚持农业生产与环境保护并重;创新农业生产经营模式,同步促进农业发展、扩大就业和民生改善;加强农村教育建设,推进农业产业水平提高和农村与城市的协调发展。     

The Growth of China＇s Private Sector： A Case Study of Zhejiang Province

I. Introduction Today, the private sector is the most important component of the Chinese economy. It grows especially fast in the eastern coastal areas, such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong provinces and Shanghai Municipality. The development of the private sector started firstly in southern Jiangsu province with township and village enterprises (TVEs) in110 Zhikai Wang / 109 – 120, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2006 ?2006 The Author Journal compilation ?2006 Institute of World Economics…     

The Asian Automotive Industry: Assessing the Roles of State and Market in the Age of Global Competition

In the 1970s, automotive industries in developing economies were rebuked for their failure to set in motion the technological learning and industrial externalities that justified state promotion. However, in the 1990s, a number of Asian automotive industries throve with the rapid growth of their host economies. This paper assesses the current state and prospects of automotive industries in selected Asian countries with state-sponsored development programs—South Korea, Taiwan, China and India—and the ASEAN economies—Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. To date, Korea is the only developing economy in Asia with an indigenous auto-manufacturing base capable of competing in the international market. Given developments in the world industry, the catch-up task for other countries in the region will be more difficult.     

全球化背景下的中国品牌农业发展研究

品牌农业是农业产业化和现代化的重要和高级环节。全球化一方面促进了中国农业现代化进程,使品牌农业发展成为必然道路;另一方面使得农业的国际竞争国内化,品牌农业成为提升市场竞争力的重要手段。当前我国品牌农业发展方兴未艾。但是,与发达国家相比,我国的农产品质量安全水平有待进一步提升,龙头企业带动能力弱,产业化经营水平低,在农业品牌经营上还存在诸多不足。因此,我们基于中国品牌农业发展现状及存在主要问题的分析,并借鉴品牌农业的国际经验,从全球化视角提出发展中国品牌农业的对策思路。     

The Chinese State Enterprise Sector: Labour Market Reform and the Impact on Male–Female Wage Structure

The paper examines the wage structure in the Chinese state enterprise sector between 1981 and 1987. This period is of particular interest given the introduction of major labour market reforms in China during the early 1980s. In essence the reforms represented a movement away from administratively determined prices towards a market–oriented system combined with a relatively flexible system of labour allocation. The Juhn, Murphy and Pierce (1991) decomposition is employed to shed light on the role of changing labour market institutions over the period.
JEL classification : J 31; J 16     

企业创新动力论

本文在比较我国与发达国家农业发展条件优劣势的基础上 ,对我国加入WTO后农业发展所面临的市场环境和WTO的相关条款进行了分析 ,最后提出了既符合WTO规则又适合我国国情的支持农业发展的政策措施。     

The economic history of Thailand: Old debates,recent advances,and future prospects

Despite slow development of Thai economic history scholarship, research output in the last three decades has shed new light and improved arguments on classic debates using novel primary sources and quantitative methods. This article traces the evolution of three Thai economic history debates from the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries: (1) factors behind Thailand's slow economic growth; (2) the reluctance of rural workers to move into urban employment; and (3) the Thai government's failure to invest in large-scale irrigation projects. The article concludes with a discussion of current challenges facing Thai economic history research and suggestions to move the discipline forward.