日本企业的非正式员工:现状、原因及其影响

劳动力供需双方观念的转变以及制度变革使以终身雇佣为特征的日本雇佣体系正在发生质的变化。由于与终身雇佣制相匹配的其他制度的改革滞后,处于弱势地位的非正式员工过多地承担了本应企业、国家和个人共同分摊的改革成本。雇佣形式的多样化引发了相应的社会问题,有可能对日本的生产力造成负面影响。     

我国的动态劳动需求及就业保护制度的影响:基于动态面板数据的研究

动态劳动需求描述了劳动力应对外部冲击的调整过程,是劳动力市场灵活性的重要体现,本文首次使用动态面板数据,对我国的动态劳动需求进行了研究,并检验了就业保护制度对动态劳动需求的影响。结果发现,我国国有及具有规模以上非国有工业企业的就业调整存在明显的刚性,遇到外部冲击时,企业需要2.56年时间完成劳动力调整的50%,对雇佣和解雇行为进行管制的就业保护制度显著减缓了劳动力调整速度。当经济环境变好时,就业保护制度减缓了企业劳动力投入的增长速度;当经济环境恶化时,就业保护制度减缓了企业裁减劳动力的速度。总体来说,就业保护有利于维护已经就业的劳动者的利益,但会使失业劳动者和新进入劳动力市场的劳动者寻找工作更加困难。     

丰田公司非典型雇佣模式的经验与借鉴

非典型雇佣是日本汽车业长期采取的一种雇佣形式,可以为企业提供大量灵活的劳动力,很好地应对市场需求变化和经济危机.但这种雇佣形式不可避免地带来技能传承和质量持续改善上的问题,进而对日本汽车制造业的竞争力产生负面影响.丰田公司长期以来一直采用非典型雇佣形式,积累了很多成功经验,当然也遇到了一些问题,这些都可以为中国企业提供有益的经验和借鉴.     

日本劳动力市场的特征与发展变化

在战后日本的经济发展中,劳动力市场的培育和发展起了重要作用。日本的劳动力市场和雇佣机制及工资制度等,都有一系列与众不同的特点。随着日本经济和社会的不断发展变化,这些特点也发生变化或日益受到挑战。一、日本劳动力市场的主要特征过去一般认为大企业劳动者的劳动力市场与中小企业劳动者的劳动力市场同时并存的二元性,是日本劳动力市场的典型特征。但是,仅这一特征还不足以充分说明日本劳动力市场的二元性特征全貌。笔者认为,日本劳动力市场的二元性主要有三个特征。（－）大企业劳动者的劳动力市场与中小企业劳动者的劳动力市…     

中国OFDI企业海外雇佣的劳动力技能提升:流动还是培训更起作用?

中国OFDI企业海外雇佣本地化是"一带一路"合作民心相通的核心内容之一。投资于"一带一路"沿线国家的中国企业同时面临东道国劳动力素质与技能的"双重短缺",个人职业流动与企业在职培训是解决"双重短缺"的主要途径。文章采用东南亚三国中资企业雇主-雇员匹配调查数据研究发现:在职培训有助于东道国员工认知能力的提升,但流动无助于东道国员工认知能力的提升;在职培训对东道国员工的非认知能力没有显著作用,但流动有助于东道国员工非认知能力的提升;在职培训对东道国员工认知能力中的数学、阅读能力的提升较为显著,而流动对东道国员工非认知能力中的外向性、开放性等能力提升作用较为显著;针对工作任务的专用技能培训有助于同时提升东道国员工的认知与非认知能力。本地化雇佣是中国企业融入"一带一路"沿线国家最直接的方式,面对东道国劳动力素质整体偏低的情况,通过特定指向性的在职培训与适宜的企业内部职业流动,可以为中国OFDI海外可持续发展提供稳定且符合企业需求的员工队伍。     

技能柔性形成机制研究——基于高级技能工人短缺的思考

我国长期以来较为重视雇佣柔性在劳动力市场的作用,而忽略了技能柔性的潜能,而恰恰是技能柔性决定了我国产业工人的高技能实现。文章将技能柔性界定为员工＂技能＂的可调整型,其维度可按员工能力的分类方法分为技能深度柔性、技能宽度柔性和技能协调柔性。文章同时对这三个维度的形成机制展开深入分析,最后本文对我国企业技能柔性构筑路线及相应人力资源管理对策提供了建议。     

建设和谐社会的新课题--企业内农民工满意度实证研究

当今中国城市化推动工业化,打工农民在企业一线员工中所占比重总体已超过60%。在以劳动密集型为主的广大民营制造业企业中,农民工的比例更高。虽然他(她)们文化程度普遍较低,但绝大多数已是熟练劳动力,是企业员工队伍中不可缺少的基本力量。人力资源是企业第一资源,善待员工,提高员工满意度,是企业持续高效运行的必要条件。客观地讲,上世纪末农民外出打工,多数只求“有活干”,而无“满意”欲望,但目前劳动力市场已有较大变化。今年春季部分地区出现的“民工荒”说明,企业如果无视满足农民工的合理需求,不仅难以扩大生产规模,连日常生产经营…     

保证政策上的透明度非常重要

不管是资本市场的融资、技术上的使用、还是劳动力市场员工的雇佣，最重要的一点是我们要知道游戏的规则在哪里，边际在哪里，我们怎样去玩儿？     

体制外劳动力市场的不完善性与完善途径分析

改革开放前,我国不存在真正意义上的劳动力市场，城镇劳动力的就业与工资水平完全由政府决定，农村农民的劳动由集体安排，收入按劳动量和平均原则分配。改革开放后，“三资”企业、乡镇企业和私营企业的出现，使得一个主要由农民和城镇待业人员为供给方的劳动力市场逐步形成。随着改革开放的不断深入，国有企业、城镇集体企业的下岗工人也进入劳动力市场，部分国有企业也在这个市场上招聘合同制员工或临时性员工。这个劳动力市场被学者称为体制外劳动力市场。     

外包与企业对人力资源的弹性需求

企业对人力资源的弹性需求是指，在技术和工艺不变的条件下，产品的市场需求量变化会引起企业对员工需求量的较大增减，这种对员工需求量的较大增减就是企业对人力资源的弹性需求。与工业时代的“进出制”及“终身雇佣制”相比，网络时代的外包能更好地解决企业对人力资源的弹性需求问题，减少管理成本。     

Institutional wage-setting,labour demand and labour supply: Causal estimates from a South African pseudo-panel

Unemployment in South Africa has multiple causes. This article uses a district pseudo-panel to estimate the elasticity of labour demand, labour supply and unemployment with respect to wages. We assess whether hiring decisions are more sensitive to increases in wages of low-paid workers than high-paid workers, and whether wage growth prompts entry into the labour market. These channels combine to result in the positive causal effect of wage growth on unemployment. The research investigates whether these effects are dominated by districts in which unionisation rates are high and employment is concentrated in large firms. Wage growth of middle-paid to highly paid workers – as opposed to low-paid workers – reduces local labour demand and raises local unemployment. Bargaining arrangements correspond closely to the spatial wage distribution; in turn, a large part of the impact that wage growth has on labour market outcomes is determined by these wage-setting institutions.     

Dual Labour Market Intermediaries in Italy: How to Lay off “Lemons”—Thereby Creating a Problem of Adverse Selection

Using longitudinal data from the Bank of Italy that cover the period from 2004 to 2014, this paper investigates the wage- and career implications of temporary jobs across the entire wage profile via unconditional quantile regression models and dynamic panel probit models. Building on Autor’s contributions, we consider temporary jobs to be a Labour Market Intermediary that deals with job-matching problems, such as information asymmetries, search cost reductions, worker-side adverse selection, and pay-productivity gaps. Assuming that wage is a proxy for workers’ productivity, we examine the chances that temporary workers who are located in different quantiles of wage distribution have of making the transition towards a stable employment position in the primary labour market. Results clearly indicate that temporarily employed individuals suffer significant wage- and career penalties. Not only are these individuals overly concentrated in the lowest decile of wage distribution, but the career penalty associated with temporary jobs also remains stable independently of the wage/productivity quantile to which the workers belong. If firms use FTC or TWA at all, they do so to remove less productive workers, whose work contract is not renewed once expired. In light of this evidence, it is clear that the hypothesis—proposed in the economic literature—that temporary employment contracts might serve as a screening tool to identify the most productive workers who would then be offered a stable position in the primary labour market does not hold in the highly dualised labour market of Southern Europe.     

INFORMALIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL LABOR IN INDIA: EFFECTS OF LABOR MARKET RIGIDITIES AND IMPORT COMPETITION

Since the 1980s, industrial labor in India has been increasingly informalized, manifested in a rising share of unorganized sector employment and the growing use of temporary and contract workers, and subcontracting in organized manufacturing. Using unit‐level data from the National Sample Survey employment–unemployment survey for 2004–5, the paper investigates econometrically whether labor market rigidities and import competition have been responsible for the informalization of industrial labor in India. The results of econometric models show that labor market reforms tend to increase the creation of regular jobs, while import competition tends to raise casual employment among workers with education levels above primary.     

China's new Labour Contract Law: No harm to employment?

In January 2008, China adopted a new labour contract law. This new law represents the most significant reform to the legislation on employment relations in mainland China in more than a decade. The paper provides a theoretical framework on the inter-linkages between labour market regulation, option value and the choice and timing of employment. All in all, the paper demonstrates that the Labour Contract Law in its own right will have only small impacts upon employment in the fast-growing Chinese economy. Rather, possibly induced increasing unit labour costs may adversely affect employment.     

Setting It Right: Employment Protection,Labour Reallocation and Productivity

This paper provides a critical review of the recent empirical evidence on the links between regulations affecting the hiring and firing of workers, labour reallocation and productivity growth. It also reviews how workers affected by labour mobility fare and discusses policy options to support them. The upshot is that stringent employment protection has a sizeable negative effect on labour market flows and, through this channel, hinders productivity growth. At the same time, the evidence also shows that while greater labour market reallocation benefits many workers through higher real wages and better careers, some displaced workers lose out via longer unemployment durations and/or lower real wages in post-displacement jobs. In this context, reforms of employment protection should be considered as part of a comprehensive package that also includes an adequate safety net for the unemployed and effective re-employment services.     

Effect of Participation of Foreign Migrant Workers in Labour Market on Native Workers: Evidence Based on Change Noticed in College Premium in Taiwan ROC

Using Manpower Utilization Survey data for 14 years from 1999 to 2012, we applied the DDDD (Differences–in–differences–in–differences–in–differences) estimation method to check if rising presence of foreign migrant workers in Taiwan’s domestic labour market had any impact on employment opportunities and wages earned by native Taiwanese workers over time. We used the data capturing the effect of college premium (viz., the additional cost to be borne for getting admission into college) paid by the natives on domestic wage rate during this period. College premium is an indicator of demand and supply for educated labour and we intend to see if the premium has grown with time when influx of foreign migrant workers has grown too. From the results, two interesting phenomena caught our attention. First, labour policy adopted by the Government in Taiwan has played an important role in increasing the influx of foreign workers into domestic labour market, which resulted in significant change in college premium paid by the natives. And, this effect lasted even when instances of strikes and reported cases of labour disputes were relatively higher. Second, the effect of the policy has been varying across genders as our data shows that policy on employment of foreign workers has affected job opportunities of native men workers more than it affected job opportunities of their female counterpart.     

Employees who do not know their labour contract term and the implications for working conditions: Evidence from Japanese and Spanish microdata

In this paper, we analyse the relationship between employees who do not know the length of their labour contract (hereafter, DNK employees) and working conditions. In developed countries, labour standards regulations generally require employers to provide a labour contract with a clearly defined duration to protect the fundamental rights of workers. However, the data reveal that in the developed countries on which we focus, Japan and Spain, non-negligible proportions of employees, 8% and 11%, respectively, do not know the duration of their labour contracts. Utilizing 2012 data from the Employment Status Survey for Japan and the Economically Active Population Survey for Spain, we find that whether workers are ignorant of their contract term commonly depends on their human capital level. Women, single people, younger and older workers and less-educated workers are more likely not to know their labour contract duration. Compared with other employees, DNK employees are more dissatisfied with their current job, more likely to search for other jobs and less likely to seek more work in their current jobs. We find that DNK employees suffer from a wage penalty for non-standard status and have less access to job training, as occurs in Japan, and that specific attributes, such as immigrant status, tend to be closely related to DNK status, as occurs in Spain. Overall, DNK employment is related to poor working conditions, which indicates the importance of educating workers about labour laws to maintain the welfare of disadvantaged workers.     

Impact of employment protection legislation on employment and exporting in select African countries

Labour market flexibility is an important issue in both development and labour economics. More flexibility in the labour market is believed to facilitate job creation, but also makes it easy for employers to terminate employment contracts and may be in conflict with the notion of decent jobs as promoted by the International Labour Organization and workers' unions. It is therefore not surprising that labour market flexibility or inflexibility has received a lot of attention in the extant literature. Using a sample of about 4700 firms from six African countries, we investigate the impact of restrictive labour regulation on a number of economic outcomes and find that more restrictive labour market regulations are detrimental to export propensity, export intensity, investment and employment. Policy-makers must be cautious, however, when implementing employment regulations as too flexible regulations may benefit employers at the expense of employees.     

The Japanese labour market during the global financial crisis and the role of non-standard work: A micro perspective

This paper analyses aggregate labour dynamics during the global financial crisis in Japan and the role of non-standard work using micro data. The analysis proceeds in two steps. First, using comprehensive establishment-level datasets for the period 1991–2009, it provides a detailed portrait of the adjustment behaviour of establishments at the micro level. Second, it compares aggregate labour market dynamics during the global financial crisis with that observed during the 1997 crisis and decomposes the observed differences into components that can be attributed to changes in the micro-adjustment behaviour of Japanese establishments, changes in the incidence of non-standard work and changes in the distribution of shocks across establishments. It finds that the incidence of non-standard work has increased considerably, worker turnover is much higher among non-standard than standard workers and adjustments in working-time are less important for non-standard workers. Counterfactual simulations suggest that the employment response during the global crisis would have been smaller if the incidence of non-standard work remained at the level observed during the 1997 crisis. The relatively small employment response observed during the global financial crisis is therefore driven by factors other than the increase in the incidence of non-standard work.     

Job Creation and Destruction in South Africa

Analysts of the South African labour market have mainly used household surveys to analyse the labour market. It has been more difficult to explore the labour demand of firms, as a result of limited data availability. We use the Quarterly Employment Statistics survey, an enterprise survey conducted by Statistics South Africa, to explore how South African firms create and destroy jobs, thereby shedding light on many of the policy questions that are relevant in a high unemployment society like South Africa. We find that job creation and destruction rates are similar to those found in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries. There is little evidence that labour legislation creates rigidities that prevent firms from hiring or firing workers. We also find that larger firms are better net creators of jobs than small firms and that net job creation rates are negative in manufacturing. Our research has important policy implications – particularly for the South African National Planning Commission's 2030 plan, in which new jobs are envisaged to come mainly from small‐ and medium‐sized firms. Our research suggests that this scenario is not likely without changes to policy or legislation.