跨国公司的国际政治经济学

20世纪60—70年代,跨国公司作为一支不容忽视的力量出现在国际政治经济舞台上。今天,跨国公司已经在很大程度上改变了人类社会的生产和交换模式,改变了财富的来源和分配     

The Political Economy of Finance

The regulations that shape the design and operations of corporationsand credit and securities markets differ vastly from countryto country. In addition, similar regulations are often unequallyenforced in different countries. Economists still have an imperfectunderstanding of why these international differences exist andof whether they tend to persist over time. However, a recentstrand of research has shown that some progress on these issuescan be made using the approach of the new political economy,which models regulation and its enforcement as the result ofthe balance of power between social and economic constituencies.In this paper we offer a first assessment of the results andpotential of this approach in three fields: corporate finance,banking, and securities markets.     

The Political Economy of Public Expenditures in Agriculture: Applications of Concepts to Mozambique

This paper undertakes an investigation of agricultural public investments in Mozambique, drawing on insights from qualitative field interviews conducted in Mozambique, secondary data analysis and examination of the existing empirical literature, and by situating these insights within a political economy conceptual framework. We explore the driving factors behind the amount and allocation of public funds to agriculture, and behind the differential attention that various types of public investments receive in the process of making decisions on resource allocation. Agricultural public investments are more likely to be made that have two key features: higher attributability to politicians and donors of the output of public spending, and a shorter lag time between expenditures incurred and outputs produced. Evidence on geographical targeting of agricultural public funds corresponds more closely with theories suggesting that resources are used to sway communities opposed to the ruling party, rather than to reward political supporters. Examination of the effect of actors' and organisations' incentives and constraints on resource allocation in agriculture points to the importance of not treating “government,” “the ruling party” and other institutions as monolithic bodies; the paper instead highlights how differentiated interests within seemingly coherent institutions drive what gets public expenditure attention in the agricultural sector.     

Alberto Alesina: The Science of Using Political Economy Concepts to Explain the Macroeconomic Landscape

Alberto Alesina is distinguished for having introduced, or more properly re-introduced, political economy considerations into macroeconomic policy analysis. His seminal contributions to the problems of fiscal consolidation and the optimal size and number of nations (or the possibility that nations or economic unions might find it in their interest to break-up) are as relevant today as ever. They are reviewed here, and set in a debt targeting framework that allows them to be deployed to maximum advantage.     

经济全球化条件下对政治经济学的思考

在经济全球化条件下 ,社会主义市场经济作为市场经济的一种类型 ,其特点和规律有与资本主义市场经济相同的性质。由于生产的知识化、国际化、全球化 ,跨国公司得到更大的发展。资本主义国家为了适应社会经济、政治结构和技术进步的变化 ,促进高新技术工业的发展 ,对资本主义生产关系进行调整和改革 ,资本主义调控经济的理论和政策也发生了变化。今天 ,资本主义国家经济的发展 ,说明了正是萨伊、马歇尔的自由市场经济理论和凯恩斯主义共同作用的结果。两种经济理论融汇综合 ,是今后西方经济学发展的主要趋势。我们要肯定其科学性、合理性 ,批判为资本主义辩护的庸俗性 ,为社会主义市场经济的发展提供借鉴。要与时俱进 ,发展马克思主义政治经济学。     

国际政治经济学中的跨大西洋分歧

自20世纪70年代国际政治经济学产生以来,呈现出不同国家和地区的研究特点与学术传统。如同国际关系学科一样,美国学派在国际政治经济学研究中占据着主导地位,英国学派则处于半边缘状态。笔者首先分别界定英国学派与美国学派,然后从知识传统、方法论、议题设置等维度诠释二者间存在的差异,进而从历史背景、学术传统以及学术训练等方面解释英美学派间的差异,并且考察英美学派间目前的交流状态及其对话的必要。由于国际政治经济学并不是由方法论所确定的,而是由共同的研究主题以及核心概念所界定,因而英美学派有必要进行切实的对话以构建一个真正的全球性国际政治经济学科。     

美国金融危机的政治经济学解读

对危机传导链条的逆推式探究表明,在泡沫破裂、泡沫形成这两个关键阶段的背后都有着共同的政治经济根源,即20世纪80年代之后,随着美国政治的右转,新自由主义开始盛行,从而导致平等与效率之间的权衡朝着不利于前者的方向大大倾斜。在住房政策、货币政策等一系列因素的推动下,泡沫逐渐成形。然而,金融产品的创新与供给只是暂时为中低收入阶层提供了支付手段,却无法解决实际收入与真实购买能力不足的根本问题。正是由于缺乏实际收入的支撑,泡沫最终破裂,引发了本次金融危机。基于政治经济学视角的解决之道在于,平衡收入分配、提高社会保障力度、使经济增长的果实能够惠及广大中低收入阶层。