我国目前面临的通货膨胀问题研究

自2006年下半年以来,我国通货膨胀呈加速上扬的趋势.国家统计局的数据显示:2007年全年我国居民消费物价指数(CPI)同比上涨4.8%.已超过4%的轻度通胀的指标,接近5%.2008年二月份公布的数据中CPI指数同比增长8.7%,创下12年以来的最高值.那么,中国的通胀问题可能达到何种程度?是否存在着经济将面对全面的商通胀,导致经济硬着陆的风险?因而,分析我国通货膨胀的未来发展趋势,产生的原因以及合理的对策选择具有重要的现实意义.     

2011年中国物价走势分析与判断

通胀是当前国内经济面临的主要问题。2010年11月CPI已飙升至5.1%,大大超出市场预期。越来越多的人感受到了价格上涨的压力。从2011年发改委设定的4%的CPI价格调控目标来看,2011年物价还有持续上涨动力,货币发行过量、劳动力和原材料成本上升、热钱炒作共同作用导将致商品价格上涨。国内宏观调控任重道远。央行行长最近也就市场争论不休的货币超发问题做了回应,加息的两难决策溢于言表。未来的政策将会在防通胀和稳增长之间寻找平衡。可以预见,关于通货膨胀何时结束的讨论会贯穿全年,2011年的经济形势仍然被看好,而抗通胀仍是2011年经济的重头戏。     

增长方式正在转型 政策需要从长计议——中国银行中国经济金融展望季报(2012年第四季度)

2012年以来,全球经济复杂多变,美国高失业率、欧洲主权债务危机和新兴经济体发展趋缓等困境持续存在。国内经济方面,需求减弱、成本上升、企业盈利下滑、产能过剩和就业问题隐忧初现,下行压力增大。但受政策刺激和基数效应的影响,第四季度经济有望小幅回升,GDP增长8.2%左右,全年GDP增长8%左右,略高于7.5%的调控目标。第四季度CPI上涨2.2%左右,全年上涨2.7%左右。经济运行总体上保持"两低"即低增长、低通胀态势。     

编辑手记

已经习惯了通货紧缩,突然间听见了通货膨胀的脚步声。今年3-7月,中国居民消费价格指数(CPI)连续5个月上涨超过3%,7月份更高达5.6%,为1997年2月以来的10年新高。尽管数据表明,此轮通胀主要来自食品价格上涨,表现为结构性通胀;作为CPI先行指标的7月份工业品出厂价格(PPI)同比上涨2.4%,与6月份的2.5%相比,增速小幅回落,缓解了CPI走高带来的通胀压力,但通货膨胀的身影正越来越清晰,却是不争的事实。     

通货膨胀:是山雨欲来还是虚张声势?

自2009年经济运行数据公布以来,市场有关通货膨胀的话题不绝于耳,主要焦点在于未来数月物价如何演变:一方认为2010年通货膨胀将温和增长,CPI全年运行在3%左右的水平;另一方则认为通货膨胀将来势汹汹,CPI将超过5%的水平走向恶性通胀。那么,2010年通货膨胀到底是山雨欲来还是虚张声势呢?本文认为通货膨胀的压力明显存在,但担心恶性通胀目前尚早。     

流动性宽松和经济增长的背离

由于2013年一季度经济增速大幅放缓,接近政府所能容忍的底线,预计2013年GDP增速走势可能转变成“前不高、后不低”。最好的情况是全年GDP增速在8%,比2012年稍高。一方面,预计二三季度基建延续回升,维持名义上的经济增长,经济增长高点可能出现在二季度。另一方面,CPI和PPI的偏离持续。私人部门的产能过剩压抑PPI价格仍处在低位,而政府部门2012年三季度以来加大杠杆扩大基建投资,大大增加了地方政府的债务负担,在经济增长动能不足的情况下,可能要由CPI的通胀来化解。因而在中周期意义上,笔者仍然担心通胀上行的风险。CPI所反映的通货膨胀处在一个波动上行的趋势之中,上半年CPI处于2.5%～3%区间,下半年提升到3%～3.5%。     

人民币升值能成为有效抑制通货膨胀的灵丹妙药吗

2007年下半年以来,我国物价持续上涨引起了国内外的广泛关注,进入2008年CPI月均数据更是超过了7%,物价持续上涨带来了通货膨胀的问题,国内一些学者倡导用人民币加速升值的方式来抑制通货膨胀,认为升值能减轻成本上涨的压力,还能够抑制出口,减少国际收支顺差,从而缓解流动性过剩的问题,那么人民币升值真的能有效抑制通货膨胀吗?     

通胀之果 货币是因

（一）货币扩张是通胀的最主要原因 通货膨胀是指经济中总体价格水平的持续的和较为明显的上升。我们把CPI作为通胀指标,2003～2004年、2007～2008年CPI同比持续高涨主要由食品价格的持续高涨推动,而食品价格高涨又主要由肉价的持续高涨推动,当然其间其他商品的价格也普遍持续上涨。     

当前价格形势分析

CPI持续小幅上涨，处于温和通货膨胀状态。2004年1～8月CPI(居民消费价格指数)累计同比上升4.0％，8月份比去年同月上涨5.3％。CPI变动的主要特点：从月度分析，CPI增长已进入3％～5％为区间的温和通货膨胀水平；从月环比分析，CPI增长波动较大，7月份下降0.2％，8月份上涨0.7％。推动CPI持续上涨的主要因素是食品类和居住类价格的上涨。粮食价格上涨是推动CPI上涨的最大动力，     

结构性通货膨胀是本轮通胀的主要原因

2008年2至4月CPI持续在8%以上运行,引起人们对通货膨胀加剧的担忧。自改革开放以来,我国CPI上涨超过8%的年份已出现过3轮。1985年达9.3%,1988年和1989年分别为12%和18%,1993年至1995年在14%、24%及17%左右,面对新一轮的通货膨胀,西方成熟的经济学对于通货膨胀成因的分析都有一定困难。本文试图使用结构性通货膨胀模式,对当前通货膨胀成因加以分析。强调通货膨胀的"结构性"并非忽视目前的通胀压力,而是为了对症下药,为找更有效的对策提供帮助。     

升值之言该如何听

自今年6月中国暗示将松动人民币汇率以来,人民币升值幅度仅为0．4％,这大大低于华盛顿的期待,因此,中美两国的关系日益紧张起来。随着失业率的膨胀,以及选举年即将到来,美国国会再一次将人民币汇率摆上了议事日程：9月6日,华盛顿两位高官为缓和中美关系前往北京,就人民币及其他重要问题进行高峰会晤,以期达成共识。     

商业银行如何应对利率市场化

最近,中国央行的利率政策传达出利率市场化步伐骤然加快的信号,沉浸在央行利率管制环境下的国内商业银行突然感到"利基"竞争的性质发生了重要变化。那么.在利率市场化环境下商业银行应采取怎样的风险偏好,才能使贷款定价覆盖风险溢价?这是银行管理者必须回答的问题。     

When to ally & when to acquire

Acquisitions and alliances are two pillars of growth strategy. But most businesses don't treat the two as alternative mechanisms for attaining goals. Consequently, companies take over firms they should have collaborated with, and vice versa, and make a mess of both acquisitions and alliances. It's easy to see why companies don't weigh the relative merits and demerits of acquisitions and alliances before choosing horses for courses. The two strategies differ in many ways: Acquisition deals are competitive, based on market prices, and risky; alliances are cooperative, negotiated, and not so risky. Companies habitually deploy acquisitions to increase scale or cut costs and use partnerships to enter new markets, customer segments, and regions. Moreover, a company's initial experiences often turn into blinders. If the firm pulls off an alliance or two, it tends to enter into alliances even when circumstances demand acquisitions. Organizational barriers also stand in the way. In many companies, an M&A group, which reports to the finance head, handles acquisitions, while a separate business development unit looks after alliances. The two teams work out of different locations, jealously guard turf, and, in effect, prevent companies from comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the strategies. But companies could improve their results, the authors argue, if they compared the two strategies to determine which is best suited to the situation at hand. Firms such as Cisco that use acquisitions and alliances appropriately grow faster than rivals do. The authors provide a framework to help organizations systematically decide between acquisition and alliance by analyzing three sets of factors: the resources and synergies they desire, the marketplace they compete in, and their competencies at collaborating.     

How to Tie Equity Compensation to Long-Term Results

Companies, investors, and regulators around the world are now seeking to tie executives' payoffs to long-term results and avoid rewarding executives for short-term gains. Focusing on equity-based compensation, the primary component of top executives' pay, the authors analyze how such compensation should best be structured to provide executives with incentives to focus on long-term value creation.
To improve the link between equity compensation and long-term results, the authors recommend that executives be prevented from unwinding their equity incentives for a significant time period after vesting. At the same time, however, the authors suggest that it would be counterproductive to require that executives hold their equity incentives until retirement, as some have proposed. Instead, the authors recommend that companies adopt a combination of "grant-based" and "aggregate" limitations on the unwinding of equity incentives.
Grant-based limitations would allow executives to unwind the equity incentives associated with a particular grant only gradually after vesting, according to a fixed, pre-specified schedule put in place at the time of the grant. Aggregate limitations on unwinding would prevent an executive from unloading more than a specified fraction of the executive's freely disposable equity incentives in any given year.
Finally, the authors emphasize the need for effective limitations on executives' use of hedging and derivative transactions that would weaken the connection between executive payoffs and long-term stock values that a well-designed equity arrangement should produce.     

NYSE execution quality subsequent to migration to hybrid

In October 2006, the NYSE began rolling-out phase three of a four-phase plan initiate its new Hybrid trading mechanism. The results show that this new trading platform introduced a much larger proportion of electronic transactions relative to floor auction transactions. This migration to electronic transactions is further evidenced by a mirror shift in price discovery from floor trades to trades marked for automatic electronic execution. In addition, the move to Hybrid trading introduced a significant decrease in inventory control costs, as well as a noticeable increase in trade persistence. Finally, the new trading platform has increased the speed with which orders are met, and has also decreased the proportion of executed shares which receive price improvement.

How to stop the race to the bottom

Standard tax multipliers are a widespread feature of fiscal equalization systems. A simple theoretical model shows that actual tax multipliers respond positively to changes in standard tax multipliers. This theoretical prediction is tested empirically using data on municipalities in Germany. A quasi-experiment in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia is exploited to identify the incentive effect. The empirical results confirm that local business tax policy is shaped by standard tax multipliers. They provide a straightforward practical tool to avoid a race to the bottom in local business tax rates.