深化农地市场改革的法制保障

农地流转是农村土地市场形成的基本条件.增收和分配公平是农地产权流转的基本动力.依据当前国家政策和法律,国家通过征收制度垄断了农地所有权交易,农地产权的自由交易主要限于承包经营权流转.实践证明,这种二元交易机制导致效率和公平双重损失.深化农地市场改革,重在维护农民的土地权益,防止各种形式的利益侵蚀行为.为此一要遵循市场机制进行征收制度改革;二要规范集体建设用地使用权流转,集体建设用地所有权逐步直接入市;三要统一两类农地承包经营权的权能;四要建立完善的交易服务体系;五要健全农地流转的法律程序.     

关于矿产资源主要产权性质的讨论(下)

从当前国内众多的法学、经济学的专著、教材、论文中,论及“矿权”属性有之,论“矿业权”属性有之,论及“采矿权”属性有之,但单独论及“探矿权”的,笔者尚未发现。上述现象至少说明一个问题,即探矿权尚未得到法学界公认,或者说,虽然矿法明确了它是财产权,但其产权属性的面纱尚未揭开,或者说其真实面目尚未被人所识。因此,很有讨论之必要。     

“三权分置”下农业经营的实践形态与农地制度创新

"三权分置"是农地制度改革的重要成果,为提升农业经营效益提供了制度保障。农业经营的实践形态显示,土地经营权的设立并未提升资本化耕种的农业经营收益,也难以提升村集体范围内农地产权正式转移的水平。农业经营体制在"统"的层面缺乏可操作性的产权制度方案,阻碍了农地产权设置在"分"的层面发挥出高效的制度效能。切实回应农地利用中实际耕者的地权诉求,解决农地细碎化、村集体内土地经营权流转价格过高、土地经营权配置不充分、土地经营权流转后的社会纠纷等问题,需要围绕农地高效利用,在"三权分置"下充分发挥集体土地所有权的管理权能,以集体土地所有权统合土地承包经营权和土地经营权。     

Tenure,land rights,and farmer investment incentives in China

The goal of this paper is to understand the nature of the property rights associated with China's land tenure systems and to study the impact of these property rights on agricultural production efficiency. The results show that land tenure and associated property rights in rural China affect the production behavior of farmers. The most robust finding is that the right to use land for long periods of time encourages the use of land-saving investments. While the results show that land tenure affects agricultural production decisions, the difference between collective and private plots, however, is small compared to the private plot - communal productivity gap that existed in the pre-reform period.     

完善农用地产权体系的有效途径

农用地产权体系的构建是土地法律制度的核心内容,是解决"三农"问题的关键,是保障农民权利的核心因素。土地的归属关系、利用关系和流转关系是农用地产权体系的三个框架和支柱,科学合理地处理好以上关系是保护农用地权利的有效途径,应明确集体土地所有权主体,确保土地承包经营权的物权性质。     

我国渔业知识产权存在的问题与对策研究

本文首先提出了渔业知识产权的概念、分类,并分析了渔业知识产权的意义,然后指出我国渔业知识产权的现状不容乐观,数量偏少,质量不高,一些渔业知识产权还被外国主体拥有。为改变这种局面,促进渔业的转型升级与良性发展,我国渔业应当贯彻实施国家知识产权战略,大力发展渔业知识产权。应采取的措施包括促进渔业知识产权的创造和运用,加强渔业知识产权的保护,加强渔业知识产权管理。     

自然资源产权制度研究：理论与进展

研究目的:基于第五届"社会—生态系统"制度分析国际研讨会学者观点,对当前中国自然资源产权制度研究进行梳理,为重塑中国自然资源产权治理体系和形成中国特色的自然资源产权理论提供依据.研究方法:观点综述法、文献调研法.研究结果:(1)当前自然资源产权制度在法律、实际和认知三个维度都存在不完整性并对利用与治理实践产生了影响;(2)产权及其治理体系重塑需要考虑4个方面的因素影响:一是资源本身特征,二是利益相关者的偏好和价值观,三是制度内生性,四是现有体制机制和政府行为;(3)产权制度的实际功能比形式更重要,让制度可信是制度和治理体系的前提.研究结论:中国自然资源产权制度改革是一项复杂的工作,需要综合考虑资源特征、利益相关者的偏好和价值观、制度内生性和当前国家体制机制的影响,改革实践呼唤更为本土化的理论支撑.     

对东北国有林区森林资源产权及其改革的调查与思考(续)

通过对东北国有林区的调查,分析了黑龙江省国有林区管理体制存在的政企合一、高度集权、森林资源权属不清、缺乏激励和约束、监督机制不灵等问题及其后果;对比了黑龙江与吉林两省在管理体制与机制上的同异利弊,吉林省森林资源管理和企业运营分离,有可能形成一个较有效的监督机制,但制约其发展的因素还未从根本上解决;指出桃山林业局国有森林资源产权流转的改革,并未解决国有林的收益权和处置权这一产权核心问题。从彻底明晰产权、政企分开、确定发展战略、发挥自己优势等方面提出了改革建议,并提出需研究的6个问题。     

对东北国有林区森林资源产权及其改革的调查与思考

通过对东北国有林区的调查,分析了黑龙江省国有林区管理体制存在的政企合一、高度集权、森林资源权属不清、缺乏激励和约束、监督机制不灵等问题及其后果;对比了黑龙江与吉林两省在管理体制与机制上的同异利弊,吉林省森林资源管理和企业运营分离,有可能形成一个较有效的监督机制,但制约其发展的因素还未从根本上解决;指出桃山林业局国有森林资源产权流转的改革,并未解决国有林的收益权和处置权这一产权核心问题。从彻底明晰产权、政企分开、确定发展战略、发挥自己优势等方面提出了改革建议,并提出需研究的6个问题。     

新中国70年集体林权制度的变迁历程与内在逻辑

基于新中国70年来林权制度改革的政策文本及历史实践,运用产权和市场交易制度的演进理论作为理论工具对集体林权制度的源起、变迁历程及其内在逻辑进行分析。结果表明:中国林权制度的形成和变迁大致经历了林权初始设置、集体林权的形成与发展、集体林权"分与统"的两难抉择、集体林权制度的基本确定与深化改革4个阶段,过程虽然曲折但总体是成功的。由于森林功能多样性及经营长周期性的特点,林权制度变迁选择与农地制度变迁不同的路径。改革的经验启示主要有:信念和认知的力量能够决定制度变迁的方向;政府主导、各界人士广泛参与是改革成功的基因;面临不确定性采取"摸着石头过河"的改革方式。在生态文明全面深化时期,解决林业问题,制度是重要的,改革是不可间断的事业。     

渔业权制度与渔民权益保护

渔业权是渔民的固有权益,渔业权的明晰需要渔业权制度建设的保障.渔业权的产权明晰是渔民能够正常流转渔业权的前提,也是渔民合理取得渔业权流转利益补偿和参与渔业权流转增值收益分配的基础.只要明晰了渔民的渔业权,解决了渔业权流转的公平机制问题,就可以对渔民进行渔业权流转的利益补偿和收益分配,保护渔民权益.     

国有森林资源资产出让转让变动研究——以浙江省为例

近年来,随着林权制度改革的不断深化,国有森林资源资产产权变动也日益增多。在各类国有森林资源资产产权变动中,出让、转让占全部产权变动的比例最大、发生的次数最多、涉及的经营单位最广。变动类型以林地使用权和旅游(景观)经营权2种类型为主,定价方式以协议定价为主。出让、转让产权变化中存在着定价不透明、评估不健全、程序不到位、管理不规范,森林资源资产化管理制度尚待完善等问题。针对存在的问题,提出了严肃产权变动行为,规范产权交易市场和健全产权管理机构的建议。     

Redefining property rights over collective land in the urban redevelopment of Shenzhen,China

Urban development in China is based on two types of land ownership, namely, state land owned by states and collective land owned by village collectives. Legally speaking, urban development must be based on state land. In practice, informal development based on collective land has played important roles in the rapid urbanization process over the past decades. Nonetheless, the vague property rights over collective land have led to inferior and suboptimal development outcomes in expansive urban areas. The redevelopment of collective land has become an important means to sustain urban development in an ongoing urbanization process. By adopting theoretical perspectives from New Institutional Economics, this study presents an integrated conceptual framework on the institutional arrangements of land property rights and transaction costs to understand the changes in land policies and their institutional implications for the redevelopment of collective land in Shenzhen, China. The findings reveal that the new policies have redefined the relationship among the government, village collectives, and real estate developers as well as their property rights over collective land. The change of institutional arrangements in land property rights has significantly reduced the transaction costs in the redevelopment process and effectively promoted land redevelopment activities.     

论生物遗传资源的知识产权保护

生物遗传资源是生物科学研究的重要基础,是人类生存和经济社会可持续发展战略性物资。生物遗传资源的获取和惠益分享与知识产权法律制度有着密切的联系。当前,世界各国采用的遗传资源知识产权保护类型,主要有专利保护、植物育种者权利保护和农民权保护。中国宜采用组合保护的方式,确认遗传资源为国家所有,确立遗传资源权制度、植物品种权利制度以及专利制度,以加强遗传资源的保护。     

土地征收过程中设置土地发展权的必要性和可行性

土地发展权是一项可与土地所有权分割而单独处分的财产权,该权利直接关系到改变土地用途、提高土地利用集约度以及增加对土地的投入而产生的发展性利益的权利归属和利益分配;考虑到我国土地征收制度存在的诸多问题,我国应在土地权利体系中创设独立的可转让的土地发展权,通过将土地发展权制度引入征地实践来保障农民的土地产权和保证国家耕地保护目标的实现,并整合整个制度环境,提升土地征收制度的绩效。     

Intellectual property rights and developing country agriculture

Theoretical studies indicate that the welfare of the developing countries might either be improved or damaged by the strengthening of their own intellectual property rights. Net gains through their agricultural sectors will be positive if the payoff from new innovations is sufficiently different as compared to the technology-exporting countries. Scattered evidence supports the hypotheses that agricultural R&D is responsive to IPRs in developing countries, but there is also evidence that developed-country technology is sufficiently appropriate for developing countries as to offer substantial free-rider gains. However, without IPRs it seems unlikely that the agricultural productivity rates in developing countries can begin to catch up with those in developed country agriculture.     

Collective action in China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform

China’s recent collective forestry property rights reform (CFPRR) is regarded as the third Land Reform and has been implemented to accelerate China’s rural restructuring. In departing from previous top-down policy changes, the CFPRR has focused on local collective practices and actions. It indicates a shift in China’s rural governance, away from direct intervention towards support for local collective actions. Based on a case study of Hongtian Village, the origin of the CFPRR, this article analyses the process of insinuating collective action and the impact that this has had in creating a new cultural understanding and acceptance of collective forestry property rights. In contrast to the relative insecurity of tenure that can accompany many reforms of the governance of common pool resources, the paper suggests that the success of the ‘Hongtian model’ mainly lies in high levels of process engagement by local people and effective interaction between villagers and the government. While not addressing all the issues associated with the inefficiency of the previous collective approach to forestry, the paper suggests that there are many transferable lessons to be learnt from the CFPRR, both within and beyond China.     

Land grabbing: A review of extent and possible consequences in Romania

Land grabbing represents a fundamental problem in the transitional and post-transitional economies. The transfer of land property rights impose a dramatically change of agricultural production structure, including affecting the food safety and security. The main aim of this article is the analysis of the possible effects and transformation imposed by the transfer of land property in a post-transitional agricultural economy and to identify possible solution in valuing the lands as main production factors. Also in the study are taking into consideration the effects of Common Agricultural Policy financing mechanism in supporting land transfers.     

Power,capital, and the poverty of farmers’ land rights in China

This article is intended to conduct a three-dimensional examination of China’s rural land rights and the complex dynamic among political power, economic capital, and farmers’ rights during the past seventy years. First, the study takes a close look at the historical changes in the nature, scope, and ownership of land property in rural China during four significant time periods from 1949 to 2019. Second, it uses Ronald Coase’s theory on property rights in dissecting the four paradoxes and dilemmas in China’s rural land ownership, including the extent of clarity and stability of land property rights, the “three rights system” (the rights to ownership, contracting and operation of land) and three stagnations in defining and exercising such three rights, the simultaneous shortage and waste of land resources, as well as the restrictions on land transactions and the requirement to protect collective property. With examples derived from selected evidence, the article documents how both political power and economic capital have worked together to deprive farmers’ land rights. It concludes with a critical analysis of the current status of China’s rural economy, the problem of applying Western economic theories to China’s reality, as well as the theoretical definition, legal protection and policy parameters of land property rights in China.     

东北粮食主产区农村土地承包经营权规模化流转定价机制研究—— 以黑龙江省克山县为例

研究目的:通过建立农村土地承包经营权规模化流转定价机制,促进农村土地承包经营权流转市场完善,为合理确定农村土地承包经营权规模流转价格提供科学依据。研究方法:区间价格模型,Hurwicz准则,层次分析法,收益现值法。研究结果 :克山县农村土地承包经营权规模流转的价格区间为6380元/hm~2到9155元/hm~2;通过对比供需双方土地流转意愿的影响因素,计算得土地流转价格系数为0.498;在价格区间内引入Hurwicz准则,测算土地承包经营权规模流转价格是可行的。研究结论:以村集体经济组织为中介代理人、以维护流转双方利益为准则的土地承包经营权规模化流转定价机制不仅体现利润分享原则,也丰富了马克思地租地价理论的实践应用,符合赋予农民更多财产权利、拓宽农民财产性收入的政策改革方向。