Farmland for tomorrow in densely populated areas

The paper describes the results of a research that aimed to come up with a well structured method to estimate future farmland requirements in densely populated areas. By using in depth interviews, scenario analysis and strategic orientation rounds, a method is developed to support policy optimization and to explore alternative future developments. The method is applied to the case of agriculture in the Flemish part of Belgium to show the feasibility of the model and to provide input for the discussion among policy makers in Flanders. The research results can be used by policy makers to build a new Spatial Plan Flanders for the period 2007–2013.     

论新农村建设农户居住空间景观设计的新颖性

人类最主要的社会活动场所是我们的居住空间。居住空间模式可以反映一个国家或地区的经济生产水平、物质与精神文明、文化渊源等诸多方面。在人类生产生活中,人类的居住环境与自然相互依存。农村居住环境作为人类从事农业生产活动之后聚集形成的生活空间,是人类居住空间的重要组成部分。随着经济的快速发展,新农村建设正在稳步发展,人民生活水平不断提高。在新农村建设过程中,农户居住空间作为农村空间结构的重要组成部分,直接关系到人们日常生活领域的建构,其景观设计直接影响了新农村建设中农户对外部空间的感知与认识。文章着重从适应现代发展要求出发,在总结相关概念的基础上,分析新农村建设中农户居住空间景观设计的要素与原则,探讨其景观设计中蕴含的新颖性,并针对新农村建设农户居住空间形态发展趋势提出相关政策建议,以期推动农户居住环境、新农村建设的健康发展。     

Tare land in Flemish horticulture

The annual agricultural census in Belgium delivers quantitative data of net and additional areas of land used for agriculture and horticulture. We introduce the term ‘tare land’ to indicate the latter as the area of land fragments not directly supporting crops or fodder, at farm level or at higher (landscape, region) level. For spatial planning and zoning purposes data on gross agricultural area (being the sum of net and tare areas) are required. However, the quality of the tare data is not documented or even questioned. In Belgian and international scientific and grey literature, little information on tare is available. In this paper we define two classes of tare, functional tare (fTare) and plan tare (pTare). fTare encompasses the sum of the area of all additional land used by farmers for professional purpose or closely associated to the net agricultural area but not directly used for the production of food, fodder or industrial crops. Plan tare (pTare) is defined as these parts of the statutory agricultural area not specifically used in farming, such as public roads and inclusions of non-farming buildings. By means of a GPS-survey and interviews with farm managers, we used two methods to survey net and tare areas of land. On one hand we surveyed the land within farm enterprises: 3 open air horticultural farms, 6 greenhouse horticultural farms and one mixed farm (open air horticulture and greenhouse). On the other hand we surveyed 10 segments of 25 ha, all situated in one municipality within a major horticultural region of Flanders (northern region of Belgium). fTare areas account on average for 21% of the total farm area in the case of open air horticulture whereas the fTare area is 39% in case of greenhouse horticultural farms. These averages are significantly different. The mixed farm had an fTare area of 32%. Within areas designated for agriculture plan tare is 44%. Hence only 56% of the land with an agricultural destination is effectively used for agriculture. These figures illustrate the spatial importance of tare areas and the spatially extremely scattered organisation of horticulture in the study area. Knowledge on quality and nature of tare areas is important for multi-objective spatial planning in which economic and ecological sustainability of agriculture is considered.     

Determinants of farm diversification in the Netherlands

Farm diversification has been prominently supported by agricultural policy makers aiming to support rural development. To increase the understanding of determinants influencing diversification and hence to increase the efficiency of policies aiming to support farm diversification this paper presents the results of an analysis of diversification determinants. The research investigates Dutch farms diversification strategies using Farm Structural Survey (FSS) data of 2011 including 70,392 farms. The study uses a binary logit model to determine the characteristics influencing the diversification decision in general. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis for six diversification strategies was conducted. Additionally the study categorised the specific diversification activities in order to estimate a multinomial probit model, analysing three choice categories simultaneously. This enables us to compare determinants of farm diversification in general with determinants of specific activities. The analysis includes socio- demographic, economic and geophysical farm characteristics assumed to influence the diversification decision. Even though diversification is largely influenced by similar determinants, we find differences that are most pronounced for the adoption of nature conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important for policy makers to target policies at specific diversification activities in order to increase efficiency.     

Less Livestock in North-western Europe? Discourses and Drivers Behind Livestock Buyout Policies

Direct intervention in the size of livestock numbers is not considered a main option in European agri-environmental policies nor in policy studies. Nevertheless, the governments of the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) have announced livestock buyout schemes. This article contributes to the scarce literature on this policy instrument by sketching the characteristics of different types of buyout schemes. We analyse how the issue of reducing livestock numbers is being framed in four EU Member States with high livestock dense regions: the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Denmark and Germany. While the debate on ‘technology versus volume’ can be observed in all four countries, the ‘nitrogen crises’ in the first two has led to a reframing of concerns over livestock numbers in relation to place-based deterioration of habitats and the possibility of granting permits for new economic activities, rather than as a global issue of mitigating climate change. Pre-existing institutional frameworks influence the introduction and design of new buyout policies. In the context of high political pressure, existing policies to close down farms were reinforced and nutrient emission rights systems offered the opportunity to take production rights out of the market. Notwithstanding the policies and available budgets, the issue of direct intervention to reduce livestock numbers remains controversial.     

Multiple Choices: Rural Household Diversification and Japan's Path to Industrialization

Much of the historical literature on the forms of industrialization has assumed that agriculture and industry must develop along separate and specialized lines, linked only at the macro level through inter-sectoral resource transfers. This paper uses the Japanese historical case, combined with the recognition, in much work on contemporary developing and developed countries, of the significance of diversification as a rural household strategy, to argue that a pattern of industrialization based on micro-level complementarity between agricultural and non-agricultural activities is possible. After summarizing the changing characteristics of the diversification pursued by Japanese rural households since the nineteenth century, the paper seeks to demonstrate that technical and organizational change in agriculture and rural industry can be seen as conditioning each other to produce the inter-connected structure of flexible manufacturing and small-scale, 'part-time' farming on which the significant role of the rural sector in Japan's economic growth has been based.     

Using Analytic Network Process and Dominance-based Rough Set Approach for sustainable requalification of traditional farm buildings in Southern Italy

Rural Sustainable Development (RSD) is promoted by the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2014–2020, and in particular by the national and regional Rural Development Programmes (RDPs), which are mainly supported by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). At the sub-regional level, a part of the EAFRD is managed by Local Action Groups (LAGs), which decide how to use their own budget within their municipalities via a bottom-up approach, according to the most suitable projects available within the RDP.Requalification of traditional farm buildings is a possible RSD project for achieving various objectives, including creation of new jobs and economic activities, protection of the natural environment, promotion of rural tourism, preservation of rural culture and traditions, encouragement of a sense of community, improvement of the viability of rural villages, and also to contrast the abandonment of rural areas.Nevertheless, European projects and research show that the different types of requalification carried out are often not related to RSD objectives and that requalification does not usually combine the sustainability dimensions and spatial features of rural areas. Furthermore, the opinions of various stakeholders should be considered to support the generation of RSD policies and strategies.Thus, this research aims to provide a RSD decision making framework that makes it possible to tackle the above issues for identifying which type of requalification to assign to certain traditional farm buildings. Therefore, the results should facilitate the work of LAG policy makers in planning and managing the EAFRD 2014–2020. The framework combines the Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding (MCDA) methods “Analytic Network Process” (ANP) and “Dominance-based Rough Set Approach” (DRSA).This framework was applied to a LAG territory in Apulia Region (Southern Italy) that includes 176 traditional farm buildings. The ANP application identified the optimal quota for each type of requalification and showed that the highest quota is allocated to Facilities and Accommodations for Rural Tourism. The second preferred requalification is Centres for Environmental Education, Recreational and Social Facilities, while the third is Facilities for the Transformation and Sale of Agricultural Products. The DRSA was then applied in a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to choose the most suitable traditional farm buildings for each type of requalification, helping the LAG policy makers to fill each quota.     

Balanced national development strategies: The construction of Innovation Cities in Korea

Korea has had a long tradition of centralized planning systems for national development. National spatial planning has played a crucial role in achieving the rapid economic growth and in stimulating the regional development that have been achieved over the last 40 years. However, as the national spatial planning has mainly been concerned with the creation of effective physical environments for economic development in certain areas, the concentration of political, economic and social activities has intensified in those areas, especially in the capital region. Despite the implementation of various policy measures, attempts to mitigate this concentration in the capital region have not been successful in achieving balanced national development.     

基于空间自相关的黎平县农村居民点分布与影响因素关系研究

为科学精细分析云贵高原地区自然和社会经济因素对农村居民点空间分布的影响,本文以贵州省黎平县为研究对象,以行政村为研究单元,采用空间自相关与空间叠加相结合的方法,通过农村居民点分离度分析农村居民点分布与影响因素的关系.分析结果显示,(1)黎平县农村居民点分离度指标的全局Moran指数为0.089,Z值为2.164,大于1...     

西北地区城乡收入差距的时空分异及影响因素

目的 为准确把握市域尺度下西北地区城乡收入差距的时空演变特征，促进该区域城乡融合发展。方法 文章基于2010—2018年51个市域单元城乡居民收入比数据，综合运用核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间回归模型等方法研究了西北地区城乡收入差距的时空分异及影响因素。结果 （1）西北地区城乡居民收入比由3.189下降至2.736，下降幅度为14.21%；（2）空间分布格局上形成了东西方向的“U型”特征和南北方向由北及南平滑上升的特征；（3）全局莫兰指数在波动中由0.322上升至0.358，上升幅度为11.18%；（4）空间滞后模型表明城镇化对城乡收入差距有正向影响，产业结构高级化、农业现代化和金融效率对城乡收入差距有负向影响，而经济发展虽然能够缩小城乡收入差距，但两者在计量结果上显示“U型”关系。结论 西北地区城乡收入差距在小幅波动中表现出缩小的趋势，且市域之间的差异呈现出收敛的态势；西北地区城乡收入差距在空间分布上表现出较为显著的正自相关性，且在局部地区有板块集聚特征；空间因素是西北地区缩小城乡收入差距不可忽视的重要因素。     

Does labor migration affect rural land transfer? Evidence from China

Land transfer in rural areas and labor migration from rural areas to cities are both becoming common in China due to the increasing development of the non-agricultural sector resulting from rapid urbanization. Many rural labours who migrated to cities left their land in rural areas, and in most cases, this land was abandoned. To make full use of abandoned land in rural areas, the central government in China has formulated policies to promote rural land transfer, but rural land transfer still lags far behind labor migration in China. Drivers of rural land transfer still need to be explored. In addition, the labor migration scale shows dynamic features as the labor migration of more family members is substituted for that of individuals recent years. Thus, the phased feature of household labor migration should be taken into consideration to examine the phased influence of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. Considering the probability threshold effect of the impact of labor migration on rural land transfer, a threshold model was used to perform the empirical analysis. Based on the threshold model and CHARLS 2015 data, this study empirically analysed the impact of the labor migration scale on rural land transfer. On the national level, labor migration will significantly promote rural land transfer if it is less than or equal to 0.125, but when it is greater than 0.125, its impact on land transfer is not significant. On the basis of the spatial differentiation of rural land transfer, four regions were divided to do the regional threshold regression analysis. On the regional level, the thresholds of labor migration scale of the central region, the east region and the west region are 0.112, 0.221 and 0.133 respectively, and there is no threshold in the north region. The results show that labor migration have a phased impact on rural land transfer in China and policies should be targeted to different labor migration phases and different regions.     

SLA框架下生计资本影响山区农户分化的机理与实证研究以广西山区农户为例

目的 基于可持续生计分析（SLA）框架,对生计资本影响山区农户分化进行深入研究,为职业分化背景下促进农户多渠道创收以及实现山区乡村振兴提供参考。方法 文章运用比较分析法、多值选择模型,以广西山区的540家农户为研究对象,探讨农户职业分化的影响因素。结果 研究结果表明,社会资本有助于纯农户与非农农户向以农为主的兼业农户分化;自然资本丰裕更能吸引农户向纯农户或以农为主的兼业分化;增加金融资本有助于兼业农户专注于农业生产,也促使非农经营主体投身于农业经营;物质资本影响农户向纯农户或以非农为主的兼业农户转变;拥有自身务工经历的农民更易于选择以农为主的兼业形态,对农民进行农业技术培训因提升其农业生产经营能力从而有助于他们投身于农业生产;生计资本影响农户分化的程度因距离中心市场的远近而存在差异。结论 生计资本影响农户向不同类型的职业进行分化,应从鼓励农户兼业化实现收入多元化以及鼓励乡村精英返乡创业的视角,适应不同类型农户分化需要,为调整农户生计资本,维持生计可持续性提供必要的决策支持和政策保障。     

A site planning approach for rural buildings into a landscape using a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis methodology

Selection of rural buildings’ site is a complex process to solve a discordant relation with other components of rural landscapes and needs many diverse criteria to deal with its situation. This paper presents a multi-criteria spatial decision analysis approach using geographic information system (GIS) technique for evaluating the suitability of rural buildings site selection with a case study in Hervás (northern Extremadura region), Spain. The aim of the methodology is to evaluate the suitability of the study region in order to optimally site a new single dispersed tourism-related commercial building with landscapes. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to generate the alternative decisions using the multi-criteria evaluation techniques standardised by fuzzy membership functions. The parameters are categorised into three criteria groups, namely physical, environmental and economic criteria and then the weights are verified by a group discussion with the experts for final weight consensus making them more objective. With the aid of the simple additive weighting (SAW) method, the calculation of final grading values in multiple criteria problem is evaluated for the study region. The resulting land suitability is reported on a grading scale of 0–10, which is, respectively, from least to most suitable areas. Combination of a spatial clustering process reveals the most suitable areas for rural buildings siting with their landscapes. The proposed methodology is intended to solve the rural building integration problem with its landscape and to facilitate the flexible methodology implementation from decision alternatives involved in the decision making process.     

Multifunctional peri-urban agriculture—A review of societal demands and the provision of goods and services by farming

Peri-urban areas around urban agglomerations in Europe and elsewhere have been subject to agricultural and land use research for the past three decades. The manner in which farming responds to urban pressures, socio-economic changes and development opportunities has been the main focus of examination, with urban demand for rural goods and services representing a driving factor to adapt farming activities in a multifunctional way. Working within the peri-urban framework, this review pays particular attention to the relevance of multifunctional agriculture. Academic discourses and empirical insights related to farm structure and practices beyond conventional agriculture are analysed. Diversification, recreational and environmental farming, landscape management and specialisation, as well as direct marketing are all taken into consideration and discussed within the context of landscape functions. The provision of rural goods and services is contrasted with societal demands on peri-urban agriculture. This review finds that multifunctional agriculture has been commonly recognised in peri-urban areas – a phenomenon that includes a large variety of activities and diversification approaches within the context of environmental, social and economic functions of agriculture. In response to the post-productive, consumption-oriented requirements of the urban society, peri-urban farmers have intensified their uptake of multifunctional activities. Nevertheless, not all multifunctional opportunities are being fully developed when one considers the large and growing urban demand for goods and services provided by agriculture carried out near the city. This paper discusses policy and planning approaches to support multifunctional agriculture in peri-urban areas.     

New uses for old traditional farm buildings: The case of the underground wine cellars in Spain

Traditional buildings are important features of the rural landscape and a valuable documental source about rural technology and ways of life in the countryside. For the last 60 years many traditional farm buildings have lost their original function because of the great changes in the European agricultural sector. Their respectful conversion to adopt new activities provides economic, socio-cultural and landscape benefits for promoters and the whole rural community. Traditional wine caves used for the production and storage of wine are particular good examples of redundant rural buildings needing for viable new uses. The aims of this paper are to present the architectural features of these agro-industrial spaces and to discuss suitable new uses for them. The technical, socioeconomic and legal contexts of the reuse are also examined in the paper. The use of traditional wine cellars in the production of high-quality artisanal wines, cheeses and cured meats, for cultural activities, as restaurants, or in the production of mushrooms, among others, are viable reuse proposals according to the current needs in the Mediterranean rural areas. Nevertheless, special care must be taken when restoring these spaces in order to respect the identity and the aesthetic appeal of the ancient cellars and not to come into conflict with the planning and building regulations.     

我国农村建设用地整治潜力分区与实现路径研究

[目的]通过分析全国范围内农村建设用地整治潜力空间分异特征,并进行潜力类型区的划分,有助于明确农村建设用地整治重点区域与时序安排,针对性提出整治潜力实现的行动路径与政策举措。[方法]文章以人均建设用地标准法为基础,从整治迫切性、自然适宜性、经济可行性角度构建指标体系和计量模型,并利用多因素空间聚类分析法划分潜力类型区,识别潜力挖掘的限制性因素与实现路径。[结果]我国农村建设用地整治潜力空间差异显著,高值区多分布在华东和东北地区,低值区多为西南和青藏高原区;将全国整治潜力类型划分为11个一级区和34个二级区,优先整治区多分布在我国华东地区,暂不适宜区多分布在西南和青藏高原区。[结论]我国农村建设用地整治潜力普遍较高,各个地区应根据自然禀赋、社会经济发展水平,明确农村建设用地整治重点区域,制定分区分类差别化整治路径与措施。     

Demand for rural tourism: the effects of quality and information

The development of rural tourism is regarded as a promising diversification strategy especially for lagging and mountainous areas of the European Union. Research concerning the demand and/or supply of rural tourism services has been limited within the agricultural economics domain despite the significance attached to rural tourism by various rural development policy measures and initiatives. The article examines the expenditure behavior of rural tourists within a framework of demand for composite (heterogeneous) goods. The proposed framework captures the quality of the tourism experience as the commodity's unit value, a quantifiable economic variable, examines its effects on expenditures and allows for the estimation of elasticity in prices regarding expenditure and quantity. Empirical analysis is facilitated by a survey recording the expenditure behavior of 465 tourists in two rural and lagging areas of Greece. The quality of the tourism experience is significantly and positively affected by the income, the source from which information about the trip is retrieved (Internet, newspapers as well as general press and special travel press) and by the amount of information sought by the consumer prior to the trip. In turn, the quality of the tourism experience is the major endogenous factor that positively influences expenditures for rural tourism. Further research is needed before evidence provided in this work can be used to draw policy conclusions and recommendations.     

农村劳动力转移的减贫及其空间溢出效应——基于省级面板数据的分析

[目的]旨在探讨农村劳动力转移的减贫及其空间溢出效应,以期准确估计农村劳动力转移对农村减贫的作用。[方法]文章基于我国大陆31个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,通过构建空间计量模型,设置邻接、地理和经济3种空间权重矩阵,实证检验了2007—2017年农村劳动力转移对农村贫困的影响。[结果]（1）我国省域农村贫困发生率和农村劳动力转移程度均有显著的空间集聚特征,农村贫困发生率呈现出“高—高”和“低—低”的空间分布特征。（2）在邻接权重下,该地区农村劳动力转移规模每提高1%,使得该地区的农村贫困降低了0.317%,邻近地区的农村贫困降低了0.136%;在地理权重下,该地区农村劳动力转移规模每提高1%,使该地区的农村贫困降低了0.323%,邻近地区的农村贫困降低了0.129%;在经济权重下,该地区农村劳动力转移规模每提高1%,将使该地区的农村贫困降低0.315%,邻近地区的农村贫困降低0.192%。[结论]农村劳动力转移不仅有利于本区域内的农村贫困减少,还可以通过溢出效应来缓解相邻地区的农村贫困。     

陕西省新型城镇化与乡村振兴耦合协调发展研究

目的 定量评估陕西省乡村振兴与新型城镇化协调发展的时空特征及影响因素分析,以期为该省推进新型城镇化与乡村振兴协调发展提供参考。方法 文章选择2012—2021年陕西省的相关指标数据,采用熵权法、综合指数法、耦合协调度模型、空间相关性模型进行分析,并结合ArcGIS软件和GeoDa软件对两者空间差异和耦合发展时序变化进行分析。结果 （1）2012—2021年陕西省乡村振兴与新型城镇化发展水平均呈逐年递增趋势,其中乡村振兴发展水平的空间差异逐步缩小,趋向均衡发展,新型城镇化空间差异变化不大;（2）各区域内两系统耦合协调度整体呈现上升趋势,城乡发展不均衡性得到改善,在空间上表现为北高南低的分布态势;（3）随着各地区水平提升的不同,耦合协调水平的区域差距加大,个别城市存在明显的单系统发展滞后问题,陕南地区受区域高水平城市带动效应不强。结论 陕西省乡村振兴与新型城镇化正处于高质量融合发展的重要阶段,两者发展趋势呈正相关,未来需加强区域间合作,突破区位限制,推动陕西省向多元化驱动的城乡协调发展,促进乡村振兴与新型城镇化的有效结合与高质量发展。     

基于分形理论的江苏沿海农村经济发展差异研究

随着江苏沿海地区发展规划上升为国家战略,新一轮沿海开发的号角已经奏响.农村现代化是沿海地区现代化的重要组成部分,如何实现江苏沿海农村经济的快速发展及区域内协调发展是提高江苏沿海经济水平的重要内容,直接关系到沿海地区发展的成败.论文在对沿海地区认识的基础上,首先选取11 个指标构建了沿海农村经济发展差异的评价体系,运用分...