旅游企业利益相关者管理理论研究进展

利益相关者理论是近年来颇受西方管理学界重视的一个新兴的企业管理理论,被认为是理解和管理"现代企业"的工具.旅游业关联性强的性质决定了旅游企业必定有众多的利益相关者.文章对利益相关者理论在旅游管理研究中的引入、旅游企业利益相关者的界定,以及旅游企业利益相关者的管理策略的研究进展进行了综述,并作出了简要评价.     

基于利益相关者理论的滨海旅游景区管理研究——以钦州市三娘湾景区为例

滨海旅游业是依靠滨海地区发展起来的新兴旅游业,是现代旅游增长最快的领域。自20世纪90年代以来,我国滨海旅游业发展迅猛,成为中国旅游业的主体。以中华白海豚而著称的三娘湾景区,近年来快速发展,而一些不容忽视的管理问题阻碍了景区的可持续发展,基于此,本文以钦州市三娘湾景区为例,将利益相关者理论应用于本研究中,通过分析利益相关者的利益诉求,归纳总结利益冲突存在的原因,对景区管理、开发、经营等提出优化对策。     

国外旅游研究领域利益相关者的研究综述

本文对利益相关者理论在国外旅游领域研究的缘起、研究概况、研究内容进行了总结.研究发现,国外旅游领域对利益相关者的研究大多沿袭了传统利益相关者理论已有的研究基础,集中在利益相关者的界定、利益相关者的权力、利益和关系等几个方面;研究涉及范围广泛,无论是具体案例的分析,还是对基础理论的探讨,研究开始深化和细化,研究方法趋于多样.同时,本文对目前研究中所显现出来的一些局限性进行了归纳分析.     

村落遗产地利益相关者界定与分类的实证研究——以开平碉楼与村落为例

文章在文献研究和专家调查的基础上,界定了村落遗产地利益相关者,并借鉴“多维细分法”和“米切尔评价法”,以开平碉楼与村落为例,对村落遗产地利益相关者的分类进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,村落遗产地利益相关者在主动性、重要性和紧急性等3个维度上存在不同差异,而且根据这3个维度可以将村落遗产地利益相关者细分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者.每一类利益相关者在村落遗产地旅游发展过程中所处的地位、发挥的作用、扮演的角色等各不相同,对于村落遗产地旅游可持续发展的影响也不一样.     

乡村旅游发展与构建农村居民利益分享机制研究——以北京市海淀区西北部地区旅游业发展为例

文章运用利益相关者理论,对北京市海淀区西北部地区旅游发展中利益相关者的利益关系进行分析,提出构建乡村旅游的利益分享机制,通过为旅游行业提供公共服务、对旅游市场实施行业管理、向当地社区提供财政支持和转移支付等措施,达到了以旅游业发展促进农村居民等弱势群体增权的目的,进而实现区域旅游业的和谐发展.     

旅游与发展:一个分析框架的形成与演变

20世纪50年代后半个多世纪的旅游研究是建立在发展话语体系之中的,在理论化的前沿,发展成为解释旅游现象的指导性概念;在实践中和学术界,旅游代表了获得发展的有效手段.在发展思想影响下,对旅游的研究相应地经历了20世纪五六十年代以经济增长为中心的早期研究、70年代到80年代中期功能主义的旅游影响研究和20世纪80年代中期以后全面发展的分析研究3个不同时期.不同领域的研究者在各个时期从各自的专业角度贡献着自己的思想,使旅游与发展的分析框架逐步形成,并成为当代多数旅游研究无论研究尺度大小和方法异同都脱离不了的共同范式.这一范式是对旅游现象和发展问题进行理解和分析,对旅游研究的状况进行认识和把握的基本框架.     

旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论

旅游伦理是近年来旅游研究关注的一个焦点。由于旅游伦理的研究尚处于起步阶段，旅游伦理概念尚未形成共识。本文在有关的旅游伦理研究文秩基础上，对旅游伦理的概念、旅游伦理的主体、基本问题和理论框架进行了初步讨论，目的在于提供一个初步旅游伦理概念和理论框架。旅游伦理是伦理学的应用学科，是关于旅游者和旅游利益相关者的道德学说；旅游伦理主体是旅游者和旅游利益相关者；旅游伦理的基本问题是关于旅游利益和旅游道德的关系问题；旅游伦理基本理论框架应包括旅游伦理意识、旅游伦理关系和旅游伦理实践。     

社会网络视角下的旅游规划决策研究——以潮州古城为例

文章运用社会网络分析法,分析潮州古城在旅游发展的规划决策中,其利益相关者之间的社会关系.研究发现:就网络中心性而言,整个利益相关者网络向某一点集中的趋势较小,但以专业知识参与的规划专家团队、掌握资源的潮州古城管理委员会及其属下的旅游发展公司,以及作为重要“中介”的街道办中间中心度最高,而居委会、古城居民、非旅游类商户处于边缘地位;就网络结构洞而言,利益相关者网络存在一定的结构洞,其中,当地社区作为最庞大的东道主利益相关群体,却与其他利益相关者联系较少;就网络密度而言,利益相关者之间没有形成全网关系,处于核心地位的潮州古城管委会及其属下的旅游发展公司的密度较低,与其他利益相关者相互之间的联系还不够密切.因此,在旅游规划决策中要加强边缘利益相关者,如当地居民、居委会、一般商户的中心性,提高整体网络的网络密度,建立桥连接,使利益相关者网络实现良好的信息沟通和资源共享.     

旅游影响研究进展

旅游影响包括旅游的经济、环境和社会影响。对它的研究于20世纪印年代始于英语国家，并逐渐成为旅游研究中一个非常重要的领域。本文在对所能获得的有代表性的国外(主要是英文资料)和国内有关其研究的论著进行分析的基础上，对国内外旅游经济、环境和社会影响的研究进行了简要的回顾和评述。     

西方旅游社会学研究进展

20世纪30年代以来，旅游社会学研究逐渐成为了一个旅游学与社会学交叉且备受关注和争议的领域，研究成果颇丰。文章综合考察了欧美英语国家旅游社会学文献，对西方旅游社会学研究进行大胆梳理，把西方旅游社会学研究大致划分为4个阶段，即(1)早期的起源阶段(“二战”以前)；(2)过渡时期(“二战”后至20世纪60年代)；(3)形成和发展时期(20世纪70～80年代)；(4)系统经验研究时期(20世纪90年代至今)。认为，尽管学科地位仍受质疑，但随着旅游社会学研究范围的扩大、研究对象的明晰、研究内容的丰富、研究方法的成熟，旅游社会学研究进入了系统经验研究阶段，旅游社会学作为独立的研究领域毋庸置疑，旅游社会学作为广为接受的独立学科分支也指日可待。     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization

This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.     

The BYOB of wine phenomenon of consumers in the Australian licensed on-premise foodservice sector

The overall aim of this baseline exploratory study was to explore the behaviour of wine consumers while dining out in the licensed on-premise sector of foodservice outlets in Australia. It examined the incidence and dynamics of the rather unique situation associated with wine in these outlets, namely the “bring-your-own-bottle of wine” (BYOB) phenomenon. A total of 816 respondents provided information regarding their most recent dining out experience. It was found that the BYOB of wine phenomenon is quite prevalent in Australian licensed on-premise foodservice outlets with 26% of all diners reporting that they had engaged in this the last time they dined out. Females engaged in the BYOB of wine to a greater extent than males and cited the lower cost to them as the main reason. Evidence was also found that the main motivating factor for the BYOB of wine phenomenon among diners was their risk perception levels and that it was therefore employed by consumers mainly as a risk-reduction strategy (RRS). This study showed that the BYOB of wine phenomenon should be added to the knowledge base on generic risk-reduction strategies of the on-premise foodservice sector.     

Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts

This study investigated residents’ perceptions of tourism’s impact on communities. Data were collected via a statewide survey, using social exchange theory; results suggest residents recognize many positive and negative consequences. Those who feel tourism is important for economic development, benefit from it, and are knowledgeable about the greater positive impacts, but do not differ from others with respect to perceptions of tourism’s negative consequences. It is becoming clear that broad-based education and awareness campaigns may be a step toward increased understanding of the industry and, ultimately, greater support of the benefits to a community.     

Second home second view : Host community perceptions

This paper discusses second home owners' perceptions of facilities and services within the community, and moves beyond previous research that addressed primary motivation for location decisions. A total of 513 respondents contributed information on outdoor and indoor recreational activities, tax-supported services, health-care services, environment, crowding, and increases in tourism within a Wisconsin second home community. Findings show that the second home owners may influence the facilities, services, and sociocultural aspects of the community. Second home owners' attitudes and perceptions may be as important in determining community direction as permanent resident perceptions.     

Achieving Top Level Performance from a Multicultural Workforce

ABSTRACT

Today the business environment calls for top level performance. This means employees and managers must be highly motivated. This paper suggests there is one overriding force that forms the foundation upon which other motivational techniques must be built or applied. The foundation is: respect for cultural differences. Other managerial techniques are presented herein, that when built upon this foundation provide for potential employee and managerial success.     

Revisiting importance–performance analysis

As a tool to develop marketing strategies, importance–performance analysis has gained popularity among hospitality and tourism researchers for its simplicity and ease of application. This article revisited several conceptual and methodological issues inherent, but often overlooked, in using the importance–performance analysis framework. The author conducts a critical review of past studies, reanalyzes published data to raise questions, and develops suggestions for future hospitality and tourism research applying importance–performance analysis. The primary goal of this article was to stimulate further discussion and research on the validity and reliability of widely adopted importance–performance analysis.