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JAN DOUWE VAN DER PLOEG 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2010,10(1):98-106
This paper argues that the food crisis cannot solely be equated with abrupt food price increases or seen as merely market induced. The unprecedented price increases of the first half of 2008, and the extremely low prices that followed, are expressions of a far wider and far more persistent underlying crisis, which has been germinating for more than a decade. It is the complex outcome of several combined processes, including the industrialization of agriculture, the liberalization of food and agricultural markets and the rise of food empires. The interaction of these processes has created a global agrarian crisis that has provoked the multifaceted food crisis. Both these crises are being accelerated through their interactions with the wider economic and financial crisis. 相似文献
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上官绪明 《国土与自然资源研究》2012,2(2):3-5
金融危机后,新技术贸易壁垒以其隐蔽性强、透明度低及合法性等特点,越来越受到发达国家的青睐.为了维护我国对外贸易的利益,本文从金融危机后技术贸易壁垒的新趋势、对我国贸易的负面影响及我国的应对策略等方面出发,对新技术贸易壁垒进行研究. 相似文献
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全球金融危机下我国木材贸易发展及政策取向 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
木材贸易是保障我国木材市场平稳运行,促进木材产业成长的重要因素。当前,愈演愈烈的全球金融危机已成为影响我国木材贸易可持续发展的重要因素。文章分析了全球金融危机下我国木材贸易波动变化,讨论了当前木材国际贸易政策发展动态,提出了全球金融危机下我国木材贸易政策取向。 相似文献
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TONY WEIS 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2004,4(4):461-491
Since the onset of IMF lending in the late 1970s, Washington-based planners have progressively compelled the Jamaican state to abandon its role in agriculture. Jamaica's agricultural adjustment occurred in two stages: first, agricultural development programmes were rolled back in the 1980s; second, liberalizing pressures in the 1990s threatened both the uncompetitive plantation sector (imperilling preferential markets) and domestically oriented small farmers (initiating a flood of cheap food imports). Today, agriculture in Jamaica is on the brink of irrelevance, with serious social and economic consequences in the balance. In critically assessing the process, impacts and illogic of agricultural restructuring in Jamaica, this paper highlights the uneven outcomes of global market integration and points to the urgent need for a reassertion of local sovereignty. 相似文献
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孙鑫 《中国农业资源与区划》2016,37(3):43-46
我国是一个人口众多、耕地紧张的发展中国家,粮食安全问题突出。虽然多年来政府通过政策手段保障了粮食生产的连续性,但是相较于不断提升的粮食消费,我国仍面临着较大的粮食缺口。此外,虽然多年来我国粮食产量一直保持稳定的增长态势,然而随着农业生产对自然资源的占用越来越多,自然资源的荷载能力已经不足于在更长时间内提供充足的粮食增长空间。因此,通过国际贸易的相关手段,来保障粮食安全,是我国目前应对粮食增产乏力的重要途径,也是长期战略。保障粮食安全,国内生产是基础,应当在现有条件下进一步完善种粮补贴制度,保障主粮的自给自足;国际贸易是补充,通过加大进口,丰富进口渠道与品种,降低对单一粮食进口市场的依赖度,来保障我国整体的粮食安全;加大对国际粮食市场的影响是战略高地,中资企业或机构应该利用资金与不断提升的技术优势在海外建立粮食基地,并通过政府间及民间合作来扩大对国际粮食市场的影响,参与国际粮食贸易的规则制定。 相似文献
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国际金融危机对中国林业产业造成了严重的冲击,特别是以出口为主的木材加工行业损失巨大。战胜金融危机,从根本上要依靠产业自身的努力,特别是要抓住金融危机提供的产业技术和产业层次升级的机会,转危为机,增加产业竞争性资产的积累。包括:开拓国内市场,加快产业升级的步伐,推进林产品国际市场的多元化,充分发挥林业产业协会组织的作用。 相似文献
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Sena Kimm Gnangnon 《Oxford Development Studies》2013,41(4):435-451
ABSTRACTThis article investigates the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty in developing countries from a macroeconomic perspective. The empirical analysis suggests that multilateral trade liberalization is conducive to poverty reduction in developing countries. This outcome therefore suggests that greater multilateral cooperation on trade matters among countries, in particular the Members of the World Trade Organization, would allow further trade liberalization at the multilateral level to the benefit of poor people in developing countries. 相似文献
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试论汉代农业领域中的商品生产问题 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
汉代农业生产是自给生产和商品生产的结合,汉代农业生产的主体包括经营专业户、地主和小农,其生产都不同程度地含有商品生产的因素。汉代小农的生产是自给性生产和商品性生产的统一,在小农生产中商品生产的存在具有必然性,离开商品性生产,自给性生产也将无法维持。 相似文献
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Kym Anderson James Giesecke Ernesto Valenzuela 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2010,54(4):389-406
Agricultural protection in rich countries, which had depressed Australian farm incomes via its impact on Australia’s terms of trade, has diminished over the past two decades. So too has agricultural export taxation in poor countries, which has had the opposite impact on those terms of trade. Meanwhile, however, import protection for developing country farmers has been steadily growing. To what extent are Australian farmers and rural regions still adversely affected by farm and non‐farm price‐ and trade‐distortive policies abroad? This paper draws on new estimates of the current extent of those domestic and foreign distortions: first, to model their net impact on Australia’s terms of trade (using the World Bank’s Linkage model of the global economy); and second, to model the effects of that terms of trade impact on output and real incomes in rural versus urban and other regions and households within Australia as of 2004 (using Monash’s multi‐regional TERM model of the Australian economy). 相似文献
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BRUNO LOSCH 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2004,4(3):336-360
The process of economic liberalization that began in the late 1980s has had profound repercussions on the situation of agriculture in developing countries. Market instability, aggravated competition and asymmetry between agents linked to the emergence of big transnational companies have led to greater economic risks for farmers and disparities between countries and within every national situation. In such a context, the emergence of a debate in Europe on the multifunctional character of agriculture and on its economic, social and environmental roles may seem a far cry from the concrete situations of the countries of the South, which have no resources to pay for the other functions of their agriculture. Moreover, this difficulty is intensified by the fact that the debate has been placed within the context of the WTO negotiations, which has led to the pro- and anti-multifunctionality groups taking up a more radical stance. Nevertheless, the multifunctional view of agriculture does appear to be a plausible approach. It offers the possibility of going beyond the questions concerning productivity and market competitiveness towards establishing a debate in terms of strategies for sustainable development, in which the place and roles of agriculture can be thought out. Multifunctionality, founded on objectives negotiated at the local level, does seem to present an opportunity for numerous countries of the South to pursue their public policies on a new basis. 相似文献
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SAMUEL HAUENSTEIN SWAN SIERD HADLEY BERNARDETTE CICHON 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2010,10(1):107-118
The high and volatile food prices in 2007–8 triggered estimates of massive increases in poverty and hunger. However, hunger and volatile food prices have long been a feature of developing economies. This paper examines the impact of high global food prices on domestic terms‐of‐trade, food consumption and child undernutrition in the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Liberia and Sierra Leone, comparing findings with the impacts of ‘seasonality’. As high international food prices permeated domestic markets, households in all the case study areas resorted to coping strategies common in the annual hunger season. Though acute malnutrition has not risen as consistently as in a seasonal hunger crisis, reduced micronutrient intake threatens to have severe long‐term consequences for health and poverty reduction. The similar impacts of seasonal and global food price rises on households provide an opportunity to design appropriate interventions to protect livelihoods. 相似文献
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PHILIP McMICHAEL 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2009,9(2):235-246
The World Bank's World Development Report 2008 repackages the development trope that assumes small-scale agriculture to be poor and inefficient and/or redundant in a world of supply shortages despite food abundance. The 'new agriculture for development' replaces smallholder knowledge with corporate inputs to channel food through 'value chains' to markets comprised of those with purchasing power. This essay questions the Bank's new vision, arguing that 'new wine in old bottles' will continue to supply affluence rather than 'feed the world' and sustain its agricultures, especially at a time when land is being commandeered for luxury foods (e.g. the livestock complex, all-season vegetables and fruits) and biofuels, neither of which feed the poor. Ironically, the reproduction of poverty remains the Bank's main source of legitimacy. 相似文献
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Jean‐Christophe Bureau Houssein Guimbard Sbastien Jean 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2019,70(1):3-25
Based on a novel, detailed, time‐consistent tariff database taking account of import protection developments in the agricultural sector since 2001, we propose a statistical decomposition of the changes in the various types of tariffs. The results show that the multilateral system has played a limited role in trade liberalisation over the period. Many countries have continued to apply much lower tariffs on agricultural products than their WTO ceilings. Moreover, there has been substantial unilateral dismantling of tariffs over the period, so that much of the liberalisation took place outside WTO and regional agreements. The number of regional trade agreements has surged, but their impact on applied agricultural tariffs has been limited. Finally, we investigate the tariffs, trade and production implications for food and agricultural products of two extreme scenarios in the future development of trade negotiations: an ambitious surge of regional agreements and a trade war within the WTO context. 相似文献
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Ángel Luis González‐Esteban 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2018,18(1):87-111
Food regime analysis is concerned with interpreting possibilities and conflicts inherent to the 21st‐century food system in historical terms. This paper summarizes the theoretical discussion of the food regime method, and of the identification of different “food regime periods” throughout modern history. While it is widely accepted that the so‐called “second food regime” has already ended, there is much discussion on whether or not it is possible to talk about a more recent third food regime. This paper traces the evolution of the “wheat complex” over the “second food regime” (1947–1973) and over the next 45 years, and offers an explanation for the evolution of world wheat trade distribution, based on food regime analysis. Certain authors have claimed that the collapse of the WTO Doha round of negotiations may be understood as a “hangover” from the second food regime. Similarly, this paper argues that the increasing wheat dependence of poor and insecure countries over the past 40 years may be considered as a path dependence outcome of a process initiated during the second food regime. 相似文献
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Financial liberalization is a key component of programmes of orthodox structural adjustment. Financial reforms include, among other things, the removal of controls on interest rates and the abolition of programmes of directed credit. Here the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India is examined, with particular reference to landless labour households. First, the trends in selected indicators of rural banking at the national level over the last 30 years are reviewed. Secondly, longitudinal data for a village in Tamil Nadu are used to examine changes in patterns of indebtedness and credit transactions among landless labour households. It is argued that the exploitation of landless labour households in the credit market has intensified with the introduction of financial reforms. Lastly, the policy envisaged as an alternative to the formal credit sector in the countryside – the establishment of micro–credit projects – is examined critically. 相似文献
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TIM LANG 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2010,10(1):87-97
The 2005–8 food crisis was a shock to political elites, but in some respects the situation was normal. Food policies are failing to respond adequately to the squeeze on land, people, health and environment. Strong evidence of systems failure and stress, termed here New Fundamentals, ought to reframe twenty‐first century food politics and effort. Yet so far, international discourse is too often narrow and technical. The paper suggests that 2005–8 reinforced how the dominant twentieth century productionist policy paradigm is running out of steam. This assumed that producing more food would resolve social problems. Yet distortions in markets, access and culture remain. At national and international levels of governance, despite realization of the enormity of the challenge ahead, there is still a belief in slow incremental change. 相似文献