中国对外贸易和FDI相互关系的研究

本文基于1980—2001全国的时间序列数据,对中国对外贸易与FDI 之间的关系进行了格兰杰因果关系检验,并以各省及东中西部三大区域数据作统计描述辅证之。文章得到以下结果:中国对外贸易与 FDI 之间的互补作用远大于替代作用,各省市 FDI 与贸易之间的关系存在着惊人的一致性;FDI与制成品的出口具有双向的因果关系;虽然长期中 FDI 对制成品的进口具有促进作用,但短期中 FDI 对制成品的进口具有替代效应;FDI 对贸易的短期影响具有滞后性,滞后三期的效果最为显著。     

城市化、城乡差距以及全国居民总体收入差距的变动-收入差距倒U形假说的实证检验

本文利用两部门模型,从理论和实证上分析了城市化、城乡差距与全国居民总体收入差距的关系。研究结果表明,改革开放以来,城市化是导致倒U现象出现的主要原因。首先,城市化的加快使得由城乡人口流动导致的收入差距于2001年开始缩小;其次,城市化意味着低收入农村人口比例的缩小和低收入城市人口比例的增加;最后,城市化促使我国农村内部收入差距拉大的速度放缓。由此,全国总体收入差距将在2006—2009年迎来倒U形曲线的拐点。     

城乡收入差距的金融结构影响实证分析

金融发展促进经济增长,其不均衡发展势必会影响城乡经济发展的不均衡,城乡经济发展的不均衡最终会导致城乡居民收入不均衡。选择1978—2008年全国农村金融发展指标、城市化率、城乡就业差异以及城乡收入差距指标等经济和社会因素指标共同构建VAR计量模型进行的分析表明:农村金融规模的扩大有利于城乡差距的缩小,说明农村金融规模的总量对农村经济有一定的推动作用。农村金融发展效率指标与城乡收入差距正相关,金融效率拉大了城乡收入差距。金融对于乡镇中小企业的金融支持能够有效地缩小城乡收入差距,长期以来,乡镇企业没有能够得到金融的有效支持,这在一定程度上也限制了农民的增收,也就限制了乡镇企业在缩小城乡收入差距的过程作用的发挥。     

INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN URBAN CHINA BY SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM—AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON ANNUAL AND LIFETIME INCOME

This study investigates the redistributive effect of social security reform in urban China using the nationally representative urban household surveys of 1995 and 2002. The main findings are as follows. First, public pension is the main income for the elderly in urban China. The majority of people aged 60 and over (72% in 1995 and 82% in 2002) receive a pension. Second, the social security system in urban China has increased the income of low‐income and older age groups and reduced the relative poverty rate. However, the redistributive effect did not offset the expanding income inequality, which resulted in the Gini coefficient of redistributed income in 2002 being higher than that in 1995. Third, during 1995 and 2002, both low‐income and high‐income groups received a positive net benefit from the social security system, but the net benefit increased with income. The Chinese social security system lacks progressivity in contribution, and does not favor the poor in terms of benefits. Fourth, assuming that the reformed policy was applied to public sector employees, the long‐term redistributive effect of the pension system for the working population, calculated using their lifetime income, is larger. (JEL D31, H55, I38)     

中国物质消耗—收入关系的理论与实际分析

本文先提出了一个物质消耗与收入关系的理论模型。然后,对我国及我国经济较为发达的广东省和上海市的物质消耗与国内生产总值进行实证分析。本文的结论是,目前即使是经济发达的地区,物资消耗与GDP的关系没有表现出强去物质化,而是呈正相关,但相关曲线的斜率逐渐递减。所以,我国未来的一段时间里,经济发展需要更多的物质投入,但对物质投入的依赖性将下降。     

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UK TREASURY BILLS AND THE TERM STRUCTURE OF CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT*

Using principal components analysis, this paper derives a direct measure of movements in the level and slope of the certificate of deposit yield curve. Appealing to the efficient markets view of the term structure of interest rates, evidence is reported which suggests that changes in Treasury Bill yields have a considerable influence over changes in the level of CD yields but only have a small, transitory effect on the slope of the term structure of CDs.     

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON HEALTH IN TAIWAN AND ITS LONG‐TERM ADJUSTMENT*

This paper investigates the dynamic change of the population health status in Taiwan. Specifically, it provides insight into the empirical determinants of health production function and explores the nature of the long‐term adjustment in health performance. For these purposes, panel data are used incorporating dynamic effects as well as controls for unobservable area‐specific effect and area‐invariant time effect. The findings are consistent with the earlier research in terms of the determinants of the health production function. The result of the present paper suggests that after decades of improvement in health care, people in Taiwan have lower age‐adjusted mortality rates. Also, the decreases in mortality rates follow a rapid pace of long‐term adjustment implying that health‐care policy that focuses on the provision of medical care services substantially benefits the nation's health.     

A META‐ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

In recent years there is a growing interest in determining the impact of inequality on economic growth. Theoretical papers as well as empirical applications have, however, produced controversial results. Although there is a considerable part of the literature that considers inequality detrimental to growth, more recent studies have challenged this result and found a positive effect of inequality on growth. In this paper, we provide a contribution to the empirical puzzle by using meta‐analysis to systematically describe, identify and analyse the variation in outcomes of empirical studies. We find that estimation methods, data quality and sample coverage systematically affect the results. The results point out that it will be particularly useful to increasingly focus research on determining the impact of income inequality on economic growth using single‐country data at the regional level, or a relatively homogeneous set of countries with adequate controls for country‐wide differences in economic, social and institutional characteristics.     

AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF STATISTICAL MATCHING IN THE ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME*

This paper focuses on the use of statistical matching in the estimation and analysis of the size distribution of family unit personal income. The paper begins with a brief discussion of data on the size distribution of income in the U.S. and their limitations. Several methods of improving or augmenting those data are described, and earlier examples of statistical matching for that purpose are mentioned. A brief summary of the types of statistical matching methods which have been used is also presented. Then a recent example of statistical matching carried out at the Office of Research and Statistics, Social Security Administration, is described, and the effects on the size distribution of adjusting and augmenting the initial data using the statistically matched data from that example are shown. Material relating to the accuracy of that statistical match is presented in the appendix.     

外商在华直接投资区域聚集非均衡性的实证研究

新贸易理论认为,国际贸易是技术进步的重要原因。本文采用DEA方法将中国32个工业行业的全要素生产率增长分解为技术效率和技术进步的增长,分别就出口和进口对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析。我们发现,在1998—2003年期间,工业行业的全要素生产率增长的原因主要是各行业的技术进步增长,而不是技术效率的提高;贸易开放度高的行业并不比贸易开放度低的行业具有更高的技术效率和规模效率;出口和生产率增长的关系不显著;但进口显著地促进了工业行业的全要素生产率增长和技术进步的增长。所以,调整中国的进、出口贸易模式显得很有必要。     

中国人口转变与经济增长的实证分析

本文从现代协整理论出发,研究了中国人口转变、实际工资与实际产出之间的长期动态均衡关系及信忠传导机制。结果表明:在出生率、婴儿死亡率、实际人均工资、实际 GDP 之间,至少存在单向的 Granger 因果关系;对数序列均为非平稳Ⅰ(1)序列。长期来看,死亡率的降低将导致出生率的降低。此外,还证明了出生率与死亡率均为经济系统的内生变量。     

中国农村地区间消费结构差异的实证研究

消费结构不仅是消费领域的重要问题,而且也关系到整个国民经济的发展.一定时期内人们消费结构的状况最能反映该时期人民生活质量和水平的高低.以农村居民消费行为作为研究对象,按经济与地域差异将中国农村居民分为东部、中部和西部三个区域,建立农村人均消费支出截面数据建立ELES模型,实证研究当前我国农村居民消费行为的内在规律和基本特征.结果表明:东中西部之间农村居民消费呈现出较大的差异,各区域农村居民的收入弹性、自价格弹性和互价格弹性系数相差较为明显.     

THE NON‐TRADED SECTOR,LOBBYING, AND THE CHOICE BETWEEN THE CUSTOMS UNION AND THE COMMON MARKET

This paper models immigration policy as the outcome of political competition between interest groups representing individuals employed in different sectors. In standard positive theory, restrictive immigration policy results from a low‐skilled median voter voting against predominantly low‐skilled immigration. In the present paper, in contrast, once trade policies are liberalized, restrictive immigration policy results from anti‐immigration lobbying by interest groups representing the non‐traded sectors. It is shown that this is in line with empirical regularities from recent episodes of restrictive immigration legislation in the European Union. It is further shown that if governments negotiate bilaterally over trade and migration policy regimes, the equilibrium regime depends (i) on the sequencing of the international negotiation process and (ii) on the set of available trade and migration policy regimes. In particular, the most comprehensive and most welfare‐beneficial type of liberalization may be rejected only because a less comprehensive type of liberalization is available.     

EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION AND THE NON‐LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WAGE‐PRODUCTIVITY GAP AND UNEMPLOYMENT

This paper studies the relationship between the wage‐productivity gap and the unemployment rate in OECD countries between 1985 and 2007. In particular, we investigate whether differences in the employment protection across countries affect the link between these two variables. We show that the elasticity of unemployment with respect to the wage‐productivity gap is non‐linear and that it switches from a positive to a negative value with stricter employment legislation. From a theoretical point of view, we argue that this result is related to a set of labor market reforms introduced in many OECD countries, which affected the relative strictness of institutions.