我国不同形式转移支付财力 均等化效应研究

本文通过基尼系数分解的方法考察了我国转移支付的地区间财力均等化效应。计算结果显示,一般性转移支付和专项转移支付在资金分配上均向财力较弱的地区进行了倾斜,具有财力均等化效应,在强度上,一般较专项要强。在构成一般性转移支付的诸多子项目中,农村税费改革转移支付向财力较弱地区的倾斜程度最强,教育转移支付次之,紧随其后的分别是基本财力保障机制奖励补助以及调整工资转移支付。但是由于均衡性转移支付规模较大,财力均等化效应最强。     

WELFARE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN EDUCATION

Distortive effects of government intervention, especially in international trade, have received considerable attention. But not much literature exists on similar effects of public policies toward education. This paper provides a review of government intervention in education and its likely effects on economic growth and equity. Although governments may act with good intentions, educational policies often have adverse effects on social welfare. Less government involvement in education might actually lead to greater and more equally distributed real income, especially in developing countries.
Section I of this paper identifies and documents the extent of government-induced distortions directly or indirectly related to education. Section II assesses the likely effect of such distortions on social welfare. The final section discusses the role of government in education.     

CASH TRANSFERS,INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY,AND THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT

We examine how cash transfers affect an individual's education investment, intergenerational mobility, and economic growth. We find that providing larger transfer amounts to higher ability children is desirable to foster growth if the economy has relatively low wage inequality.     

INTERFAMILY TRANSFERS AS ALTERNATIVES TO GOVERNMENT TRANSFERS TO PERSONS*

How have government transfers altered the distribution of income, the level of work effort, and the rate of personal saving? Most scholars approach this question by comparing the current level of government transfers with the unrealistic counterfactual of a zero-transfer situation. This method overlooks the fact that nongovernment transfers existed before government transfers and the possibility that private transfers might have grown more if government transfers had grown less. This paper explores the significance of one private alternative to government transfers-namely, direct interfamily giving of cash, food, and housing. Fragmentary evidence suggests that such interfamily transfer was quantitatively more important than governmental transfer for these purposes thirty years ago, but is now only half as great. If current government transfers are conversions of, or substitutes for, interfamily transfers, then it follows that some of the benefits of government transfer “slide” over to “secondary beneficiaries,” i.e. those who would have made the private transfers. Further, it follows that the effects of government transfers are not much different from those of the private transfers which they replace.     

MEASURING THE BENEFITS FROM PUBLIC SERVICES: THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN NORWAY

The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of how local public in-kind benefits affect the distribution of income in Norway. To this end, a method that accounts for differences between municipalities in capacity to produce the same standard of public services is used for assessing the value of sector-specific local public services in each municipality. Moreover, recipient frequencies in various demographic groups are used as basis for determining the allocation of the assessed value of services on citizens of the municipalities. The empirical results show that inequality in the (marginal) distribution of municipal in-kind benefits is rather high. The contribution of municipal in-kind benefits to inequality in the distribution of extended income (cash (after-tax) income plus municipal in-kind benefits) proves, however, to be approximately neutral.     

DOMINANCE TESTING OF TRANSFERS IN ROMANIA

In this paper we compare the progressivity of different government transfers made to households in Romania. We use distribution free standard errors to examine the difference between concentration curves that may be correlated, and thereafter employ statistical tests that take into account the covariance matrix for the ordinate estimates. In addition, we estimate extended Gini coefficients for the same transfers to check their consistency with the tests of inequality dominance. The results show that almost all transfer payments in Romania are progressive, and that they have an important effect on the distribution of income. Rankings among different transfer payments are, however, not robust. In particular, sensitivity analysis using different household equivalence scales indicates that many results are not consistent across scales, and that lower size elasticities contribute to changes in ranking of Ginis and loss of statistical significance in dominance tests.     

THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND TAXATION IN THE U.S., 1989 AND 2000

We assess the effects of government expenditures and taxation on household economic well-being in the United States in 1989 and 2000. Net government expenditure is estimated as the difference between government expenditures incurred on behalf of the household sector—transfers and public consumption—and the taxes paid by that sector. We incorporate the estimates of net government expenditures into a wealth-adjusted measure of income. We find that overall inequality in our income measure is considerably reduced by net government expenditures. Results from decomposition analysis show that the inequality-reducing effect of net government expenditures owed more to expenditures than to taxes.     

战略性新兴产业发展中的区域竞争与地方政府补贴

本文构建理论模型剖析地方政府产业补贴政策的形成机制和经济效应,并利用实证分析方法揭示地方政府产业补贴率与区域生产成本的关系。理论分析表明, 当地方政府产量偏好相同时,生产成 本优势越明显的地区,地方政府产业补贴率应越高。但如果高成本地区的产量偏好远大于低成本地区,高成本地区地方产业补贴率就会大于低成本地区。实证检验结果显示,中国地方政府产业补贴率与 生产成本正相关,说明地方政府产业补贴政策存在逆成本优势选择现象。 ［关键词］产业政策; 区域竞争; 政府补贴; 新兴产业     

地方政府对城市土地供给的影响研究： 理论与实证

地方政府片面追求地方经济增长将导致城市土地过度供给,城市土地产出弹性越大且政府在城市土地出让金中的收益比例越高,城市土地过度供给的程度就越深,并且随着城市土地供给的增加,地方经济中内生含有降低居民收益分享比例、提高政府和企业分享比例的趋势,这构成地方政府不断增加城市土地供给的重要诱因。解决我国城市土地过度供给的根源在于改变地方政府以增长为导向的适应性调整策略,优化中央与地方、地方与微观主体之间的城市土地权属关系,调整我国现有城市土地收益的分配格局,将城市土地供给置于长期化的视野以及制度化的平台上进行,使地方政府的城市土地供给行为与资源的高效化、集约化利用目标相适应。