简析企业财务报表的真伪鉴审与分析

银行、信用社、投资公司、信用担保公司、企事业单位等可能的债权人,在提供授信、担保或形成其他债权业务前,首先应面临着对将形成债务的企业报送的财务报表其真伪性进行鉴审与分析的问题。那么如何甄别真伪?如何从企业提供的财务报表和账证来分析其经济实力和经营效果?这是第一步必须关注的问题。笔者认为,从最简单最便捷最有效的方式来讲,应该从以下几个步骤入手。一、关注资产负债表的项目1.对所有者权益(净资产)项目的分析(1)审查实收资本额应查验提供验资报告复印件,佐证投资的真实性和合法性。一般应着重分析判断:是否对实物资产和无…     

浅析如何提供高质量的财务报告信息

财务报告的目标是为企业各相关利益决策提供快捷灵敏的相关财务信息，财务信息的质量特征要坚持可靠性、相关性、及时性与可比性。本对如何提供高质量的财务报告进行了探讨。     

关于企业财务报表分类列报的探讨

现行财务报表三大报表之间对报表项目的划分标准缺乏一致性。资产负债以流动性划分,收入以来源和性质、费用以功能或性质进行划分,现金流量则以现金来源和业务性质划分。根据IASB/FASB观点,这种不同的处理方法将会影响到报表之间的内在一致性,从而影响财务报表反映主体财务图像的能力。本文对当前IASB与FASB提出的财务报表表内信息列报重构意见进行深入分析,提出了改进意见,认为分类列报的重构不应该放弃"目标-信息质量特征-要素-确认与计量"的逻辑关系。最后,本文认为,我国财务报表分类列报的改革应该走渐进式道路,不能急于对我国现有财务报表分类列表进行重大变革。     

财务报表审计中对信息系统控制风险的评价

随着信息技术的进步，企业的经营模式和业务都发生了巨大的变化，财务报表审计所面对的审计对象的生产环境发生了很大的变化，很多企业在报表的编制过程中采用了IT技术，都给财务报表审计带来了很大的冲击。本对财务报表审计中对信息系统控制风险的评价的目的、步骤、内容等问题进行了探讨。     

Monetary Policy and Financial Stability: Cross‐Country Evidence

We explain the heterogeneous response of central banks to financial stability risks based on a financial stability orientation (FSO) index, which reflects statutory, regulatory, and discretionary components of central banks' monetary policy frameworks. Our baseline results from a cross‐country panel of modified Taylor rules suggest that central banks with a high FSO increase their policy rates in response to elevated financial stability risks by 0.27 percentage points more than central banks with a low orientation. Back‐of‐the‐envelope calculations suggest that this policy rate differential translates into a reduced crisis probability but also into considerably lower inflation and output growth rates.     

Consequences and Institutional Determinants of Unregulated Corporate Financial Statements: Evidence from Embedded Value Reporting

I analyze Embedded Value (EV) reporting by firms with life insurance operations to assess the impact of unregulated financial reporting on transparency and to examine the institutional characteristics that promote unregulated reporting. Under EV accounting, the present value of future cash flows from in‐force contracts is included in shareholders’ equity, and profit is calculated as the change in equity between two periods. In contrast to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), this approach produces higher shareholder's equity and recognizes income at contract inception. I find firms that adopt EV reporting exhibit a decline in information asymmetry, with the decline increasing as EV reporting evolves to address methodological deficiencies and to permit more comparability across firms. The decrease in information asymmetry is contingent on providing an audit certification, and larger for firms that commit to providing EV reports. Moreover, I document that EV reporting is more widespread in countries with more hostile takeovers, managers that do not avoid volatile income measures, regulators that are less likely to intervene in the product market, and analysts that believe EV disclosure increases the value of their information intermediation function.     

合并会计报表编制的两个问题

编制合并会计报表是为了综合反映母公司和子公司形成的企业集团的经营成果、财务状况及其变动情况,满足投资者、债权人、政府部门和其他相关报表使用者的需要。笔者就编制合并会计报表实际工作中遇到的两个问题予以探讨。子公司超额亏损在合并会计报表中的处理1.对于子公司经营不善已资不抵债,并且不具有持续经营能力的情况根据财政部《合并会计报表暂行规定》(财会字[1995]11号)和《关于合并会计报表合并范围请示的复函》(财会字[1996]2号)的相关规定,不具有持续经营能力的子公司不纳入公司合并会计报表范围,在这种情况下不存在合并会计报…     

将对未来的估计包含在今天的财务报表中

本文阐释了将对未来的估计包含在今天财务报表中的方式,而不是为什么应当将对未来的估计包含在今天财务报表中的问题。在今天的财务报表中包含对未来的估计并不是一个新概念,但用处却日益增加。这主要是因为会计准则制定机构认为,反映当前经济状况、并根据对未来的预期更新的对资产和负债的计量方式,将产生有利于做出经济决策的更为有用的信息,这正是财务报告的目标所在。这也是会计准则制定机构关注公允价值会计的原因。如何将对未来的估计包含在财务报表中,取决于资产和负债的计量属性,以及从财务报告角度对资产和负债的定义。现行资产和负债的定义取决于确定产生预期经济利益流入或流出的过去交易或事项,对于预期经济利益流入,还需要关注对预期的控制。因此,并不是所有预期经济利益的流入或流出都予以确认。附注披露能够帮助财务报表使用者理解已经在财务报表中确认的估计,并提供尚未确认估计的相关信息。将对未来的估计更多地包含在今天的财务报表中,将会产生与目前反映的收益有所不同的收益计量方式,但值得讨论的是,这种计量能够对经济决策提供更好的信息。     

应用数据挖掘技术识别财务报表舞弊的方法研究

如何识别财务报表舞弊成为国内外学者普遍关注的问题。基于传统识别技术的诸多固有缺陷,近年来数据挖掘技术应用到识别财务报表舞弊领域成为发展趋势。数据挖掘技术包括统计方法、人工神经网络和其他数据挖掘技术。文章不仅对各种识别模型和技术进行了归纳,而且比较分析了各种模型和方法的优缺点、判别正确率以及适用条件,为下一步实施实证研究提供支持。     

Toward Real‐Time Financial Reporting: How to Reduce Investors' Information Gap and the Cost of Capital

Public companies are struggling to provide detailed and accurate guidance in a turbulent world. Many have dropped guidance altogether, or substantially reduced the precision of their guidance. However, they pay a price for the resulting increase in investor uncertainty in the form of a higher cost of capital and reduced equity valuations. This article provides evidence that improving investors' information can help to reduce the cost of capital of public companies. A look at market data for the years 2007 through 2009 for German DAX 30 companies suggests that investor uncertainty stemming from current financial reporting practices appears to be amplifying the expected association between increases in the beta coefficient and the volatility of fundamentals such as revenues and income, which in turn could be increasing the cost of equity capital. The article explores ways for both individual companies and financial regulators to improve investor information and reduce the cost of capital. For individual companies, the proposed solution is more frequent and voluntary provision of information about actual performance in lieu of more extensive financial guidance. A look at market data for the years 2007 through 2009 for German DAX 30 companies suggests that investor uncertainty stemming from current financial reporting practices appears to be amplifying the expected association between increases in the beta coefficient and the volatility of fundamentals such as revenues and income, which in turn could be increasing the cost of equity capital. Quarterly reporting is a matter of tradition while today's information technology could easily provide investors with real‐time, or close to real‐time, financial information. Internal financial controls, the quality of financial reporting, and the cost of capital might all be improved by mandating faster reporting cycles.     

对会计报表附注信息披露制度的探讨

本文在分析会计报表附注信息披露制度建设现状的基础上 ,对会计报表附注信息披露制度的统一和完整 ;会计报表附注信息披露中企业性质的特殊考虑、成本与效益、公开与保密 ;以及会计报表附注信息披露制度的改革等问题提出了若干建议。     

金融风险复杂性应引起重视

<正>党的十九大把防范化解重大风险作为三大攻坚战之一。几年来,在党中央坚强领导下,防范化解重大金融风险攻坚战取得重要成果,守住了不发生系统性金融风险的底线,有力维护了国家经济金融稳定和人民财产安全。当前金融风险宏观上总体可控,趋势上趋于收敛,但维护金融安全和金融稳定没有休止符。习近平总书记指出防止发生系统性金融风险是金融工作的永恒主题。我们必须进一步增强底线思维和忧患意识,密切关注金融风险的新形势、新变化,主动研判,精准拆弹,居安思危,有备无患。     

Presenting Discounted Future Cash Receipts and Payments in Financial Statements

This article is about the commonly asserted view that present value, the discounted amount of future cash receipts and payments, is an attribute of assets and that it ideally should replace acquisition cost as the attribute of assets to present in financial statements. The view is based on faulty extrapolation from economics and the study of finance. Use of present value in connection with the preparation of financial statements does not contribute to performing their basic function, which is to report relevant real world conditions as they exist and existed and relevant financial effects of relevant real world events as they occurred. The view turns discounting into a magical process, it reverses the chronological order of cause and effect, and it unjustifiably substitutes the financial effects of supposed future events for the financial effects of historical events as the raw material of financial statements. The future does not yet exist and such financial events have not yet occurred; the present condition therefore can in no way depend on them. The discounted amount of future cash receipts and payments is not an attribute of assets and it should therefore not replace acquisition cost as the attribute of assets to present in financial statements.     

应重视会计报表附注所披露的信息

长期以来,在税务征管实践中存在着过分倚重财务会计报告数据作为分析和了解纳税人全面状况的误区,但实际上由于会计报表的设计有其局限性,所反映的内容具有一定的固定性和规定性,这样使得会计报表所提供的信息资料受到一定的限制,直接影响到征管质量的进一步提高。为了获取精确     

Bank Panics,Government Guarantees,and the Long‐Run Size of the Financial Sector: Evidence from Free‐Banking America

Governments attempt to increase the confidence of financial market participants by making implicit or explicit guarantees of uncertain credibility. Confidence in these guarantees presumably alters the size of the financial sector, but observing the long‐run consequences of failed guarantees is difficult. We look to America's free‐banking era and compare the consequences of a broken guarantee during the Indiana‐centered Panic of 1854 to the Panic of 1857 in which guarantees were honored. Our estimates of a model of endogenous market structure indicate substantial negative long‐run consequences to financial depth when panics cast doubt upon a government's ability to honor its guarantees.       

Right‐to‐Work Laws and Financial Leverage

High leverage can be used to improve a firm's bargaining position with unions. I find that this use of leverage in the United States is concentrated in states without right‐to‐work (RTW) laws. The use of high leverage by unionized firms in these states is associated with high market‐to‐book ratios and is more likely when shareholder and manager interests are aligned through compensation contracts. I confirm these findings by examining the adoption of RTW laws in Oklahoma, as well as presidential and congressional elections. Moreover, I confirm the importance of RTW laws using cash balances instead of leverage.     

管理层风险提示信息、诚信度与投资者决策——一项实验证据

本文采用实验研究方法,检验了管理层讨论与分析中风险提示信息和管理层的诚信度对投资者估计公司未来盈利潜力和投资可能性的影响。研究发现,管理层讨论与分析中的风险提示信息显著的影响了投资者对上市公司未来盈利潜力的估计和投资者投资可能性的判断;同时还发现,风险提示信息对投资者估计公司未来盈利潜力和投资可能性的影响依赖于公司管理层诚信度的高低,即管理层诚信度调节了公司管理层讨论与分析中风险提示信息对投资者估计上市公司未来盈利潜力和投资可能性的影响。     

对被审计单位"调表不调账"的思考

注册会计师对被审计单位年度会计报表审计后,一般都会提出应当调整或披露的重要事项。部分企业在注册会计师编制的审计调整分录汇总表上签字盖章,同意进行调整,并在注册会计师调整后的会计报表上签字盖章,视同于企业编制的会计报表。但下一年度,注册会计师再对该企业进行年报审计时,该企业并没有按照其同意的审计调整意见进行财务处理。对此,注册会计师下一年度调整分录既包括期初未调整的审计调整分录,又包括下一年度本身的审计调整分录,企业又在注册会计师编制的审计调整分录汇总表上签字盖章,同意进行调整。注册会计师对下一年度会计报表…