Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Producer‐Controlled Marketing Organizations,Self‐Regulation,and Economic Welfare: Minimum Quality Standards in Agricultural Markets

Many agricultural producer‐controlled marketing organizations (PCMOs) have direct or indirect control over the amount or quality distribution of production marketed by the industry. We analyze the decision of these organizations whether to impose a minimum quality standard (MQS), and the impact of such standards on producer, consumer, and total welfare. An MQS can enhance net welfare because it may correct for deficient production of high‐quality product by the industry in the absence of an MQS, even though an MQS causes the destruction or diversion of low‐quality products. However, any MQS imposed voluntarily by a profit‐maximizing PCMO decreases the welfare of all consumers of the product and is also highly likely to reduce net (producer plus consumer) welfare. De nombreux organismes de commercialisation contrôlés des producteurs agricoles exercent un contrôle direct ou indirect sur la quantité ou la qualité de la production commercialisée par l’industrie. Nous avons analysé l’idée de ces organismes d’imposer ou non une norme de qualité minimale ainsi que les répercussions éventuelles de ce genre de norme sur les producteurs, les consommateurs et le bien‐être total. L’imposition d’une norme de qualité minimale peut contribuer à accroître le bien‐être net puisqu’elle peut pallier la production insuffisante de produits de haute qualité par l’industrie en l’absence d’une norme de qualité minimale, bien qu’elle puisse entraîner la destruction ou le détournement de produits de qualité inférieure. Il n’en demeure pas moins que l’imposition volontaire d’une norme de qualité minimale par un organisme de commercialisation contrôlé des producteurs agricoles qui vise la maximisation des profits diminue le bien‐être de tous les consommateurs du produit et risque aussi de diminuer le bien‐être net (soit celui des producteurs et des consommateurs).     

Changing Policies,Shifting Livelihoods: The Fate of Agriculture in Guinea‐Bissau

How do African agricultural livelihoods change under stressful conditions? How do market and agricultural policies and development interventions impact on both agricultural and social change, and consequently on food self‐sufficiency? Which long‐term factors can contribute to ‘depeasantization’? Is the ‘New Green Revolution’ the best and only solution for African food insecurity? These are the main questions this paper sets out to address, using southern Guinea‐Bissau as a case study. On the basis of long‐term ethnographic fieldwork, we look at farmers' responses to external and internal pressures, and analyse how ‘depeasantization’ progresses and livelihoods have been losing their resilience. Chances to reverse this trend, although difficult to implement, may still be feasible.