高校党内民主与党建科学化建设研究

高校党内民主的主体是高知群体,这使得高校党内民主建设具有一定的特殊性。完善高校党内民主制度,提高党建科学化水平就要完善党内权力授予程序、代表大会工作程序和党内决策程序,并注重制度建设的整体性。高校党内民主的最终目的是引导党员参与行使权利,充分发挥其党员主体作用。     

城市社区"善治中的政府责任"——基于协商民主理论

协商民主是一种有效的多元利益整合机制和协商对话机制,它为我国城市社区治理提供了一个新的发展空间。在多中心秩序的社区治理中,政府应始终处于权力体系的核心,承担着掌舵的职能,而成为协商民主的条件创造者、民主程序规则的提供者以及协商结果利益实现的保障者,从而实现社区”善治“。     

论公民公共事务协商权的法律地位

公民的公共事务协商权,是被代议民主理论长期忽视而被协商民主理论发现的一项公民基本权利。在当代民主宪政条件下,协商民主与选举民主相互补充,共同构成宪政民主架构的主干部分,因此,公民的公共事务协商权应当成为各国公民的一项基本政治权利,并将其纳入宪法权利范畴,构建更加广阔的公民宪法权利体系。正视公民公共事务协商权的研究,对于补正代议制理论的缺憾,解决代议制民主形式不能满足人民主权同宪政目标的矛盾,拓宽广大公民民主参与的现实途径,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

统一战线在社会协商中的作用研究

为发展中国特色社会主义民主政治,保障人民享有更多的民主权利,十八届三中全会提出要构建广泛多层协商制度体系,社会协商作为协商民主的形式之一,在推进社会主义民主进程具有重要作用。在新的历史条件下,统一战线的主题、工作原则、根本要求使其在社会协商中具有独特的优势和不可替代的重要作用,应推动统一战线成为发展协商民主的主渠道和主要形式。     

浅议高校教育管理官僚化问题

教育管理的官僚化是中国高校目前面临的严重问题,主要表现为官本位意识强烈、管理决策缺乏民主、高校管理者和领导者角色的双重性。高校的官僚化不仅会导致教育本末倒置、价值体系错位、学术创造力不强,还会滋生学术腐败。     

民主及民主的质量

民主被认为是一种相对于家族统治、军人独裁、寡头治理的政治体系和制度安排,它通常与限任制度、选举制度、协商制度以及政策辩论相联系。随着教育的普及,公共领域的扩大,公民权利意识的增强,民主体制和实践在各国得到了不同程度的应用。但是,由于各国历史基础、传统观念、社会结构以及社会力量对比的不同,民主实践不仅在各国采用不完全相同的方式,而且,其绩效也有很大不同。在有些国家,民主运行良好,而且"正效应"显著,显示了"好民主"的特征;而在有些国家的特定时段,民主不仅运行不畅,而且还显示了"病态"特征和"负效应"。这就促成了有关"民主质量"的讨论。文章认为,一种理想的民主政治应该在法治进步、经济发展、政治自由、人才选拔、公民参与、社会福利、政府效能方面发挥积极作用并具有优良表现。因此,法治水平、经济发展、政治自由、绩优选拔、公民参与、社会福利、政府效能应该成为评价和测量民主质量的七个方面。     

有限政治市场下的多赢治理——中国人大协商民主的发生、运作逻辑与政策建议

在改革背景下,有限政治市场的培育和发展,以及由其所带来的"多赢治理"激发了人大协商民主的实践。人大协商民主的典型实践大致表现为"自上而下型"、"自下而上型"与"上下互动型"等三种模式。三种模式不同程度上符合和推进了"有限政治市场下的多赢治理"的逻辑。但从总体上讲,人大协商民主始终不能从"有限政治市场下,人大协商民主良性资源的提取、培育和组织优化"这一现实挑战中抽离。     

立法听证:和谐社会视野下的公众利益表达制度

和谐社会的核心理念即体现在社会利益主体之间的利益和谐,也就是各种利益之间经由相互协调、辩论和妥协,进而达成参与民主的共识.利益和谐有赖于社会利益主体间的各种利益诉求,皆能有一个合法通畅的制度化表达渠道.立法听证作为一个民主化、科学化与正当化的公众利益表达渠道,能将各种利益矛盾与冲突纳入其中予以有效解决,从而为我国和谐社会之构建,起到一定程度的作用.     

大型工程中基于协商的参与式决策

针对大型工程建设中的公众民主参与机制,本文提出一种基于协商的公众参与式决策模式,该模式结合传统从上而下决策模式和自下到上参与式模式优点,符合大型工程建设特点和中国国情。协商的参与式决策,关键在于政府、公众和商业部门三方之间的协商。市民社会的培育、规范化公众参与程序和方法,是参与式决策目前的主要障碍。     

协商民主的历史文化思索

正实现中国梦,必须走中国道路,必须弘扬中国精神,必须凝聚中国力量。依据对世情、党情、国情的深度观察和深层次思考,我国选择了将协商民主作为当前和今后一个时期中国特色社会主义民主政治发展的重点。中共十八大,正式将"协商民主"写入党的代表大会文件。十八届三中全会《决定》把"推进协商民主广泛多层制度化发展"列为"加强社会主义民主政治制度建设"三大任务之一,将"协商民主"定位为"我国社会主义民主政治的特有形式和独特优势,是党的群众路线在政治领域的重要体现"。要求"在党的领导下,以经济社会发展重大问题和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题为内容,在全社会开展广泛协商,坚持协     

Evaluating flood risk management options in Scotland: A participant-led multi-criteria approach

The characteristics of flood risk management include complexity, large spatial scales, inter-temporal issues, plural values and conflicts of interests. It is argued that issues with such characteristics require public participation in the decision making process. This study builds on existing deliberative processes to develop a new participant-led multi-criteria method to evaluate flood risk management options in Scotland. The results show that participants preferred regeneration or planting of native woodland to other flood management options, and least preferred building flood walls and embankments. The design of the workshops allowed a rich dataset to reveal the thinking behind such results and provided a deeper understanding of why participants came to these conclusions.     

A theory of participatory democracy based on the real case of Porto Alegre

Participatory democracy is a process of collective decision making that combines elements from both direct and representative democracy: Citizens have the power to decide on policy proposals and politicians assume the role of policy implementation. The aim of this paper is to understand how participatory democracy operates, and to study its implications over the behavior of citizens and politicians and over the final policy outcomes. To this end, we explore a formal model inspired by the experience of Participatory Budgeting implemented in the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre, that builds on the model of meetings with costly participation by Osborne et al. [2000. Meetings with costly participation. American Economic Review 90, 927-943].     

Participation and evaluation for sustainable river basin governance

This paper introduces a special section devoted to participation and evaluation for sustainable river basin governance. The departing point for this research was the recognition that although there is a relative agreement regarding the need to develop new multi-dimensional, inclusive and plural approaches to water resource management, there is still a deficiency of related methodologies and tools. This acknowledgement has motivated the undertaking of the ADVISOR — Integrated Evaluation for Sustainable River Basin Governance research project, which aimed at improving the understanding of evaluation processes, as part of river basin planning and management, and to test the use of specific tools to support the conduct of participatory processes. The paper starts with a discussion of the concept of integrated water resources management and an illustration of the water policies that have been adopted in different countries as a response to these trends. The conceptual framework that was developed in ADVISOR is then presented, as well as the main results from the ex-post analysis of the decision processes regarding five water related projects in different European countries. This analysis concluded that, in most situations, the decision-making processes fell short of including the interests, perceptions and values of affected parties. The remaining of the paper introduces the articles that form this special section, mostly devoted to the testing of new platforms for participation and deliberation. In the final section, a discussion on the assumptions and limitations of deliberative processes is presented, based on the results from the application of the different methods. Further research needs on the integration of different deliberative tools and on the integration of deliberation with decision processes are identified.     

公民参与下的网络公共领域运行机制

近年来,伴随互联网的发展与普及,中国社会主义民主政治也出现了一些新变化,公民网络政治参与已经发展为一种普遍的政治现象,随着政府主动积极地构建各种制度化的公民参政与政府反馈机制,一种独具中国特色的网络公共领域形态逐渐孕育和发展起来。目前中国网络公共领域尚处于不成熟的发展阶段,与现实政治过程有较强的互动性,对其进行具体的理论考察,揭示这种新型民主形态的实践过程与内在逻辑,不仅对中国公民社会的有序、健康发展起到重要的推动作用,而且为中国民主政治的发展寻求了一条有效途径。     

DECIDING WHEN TO DECIDE: COLLECTIVE DELIBERATION AND OBSTRUCTION

We study the impact of deliberation rules on collective learning and decision making in committees. In contrast to much of the existing literature, this article makes a distinction between the final votes over policy proposals and the cloture votes that bring them about. We show how deliberation rules can cause Pareto-inefficient outcomes and failures to bring good proposals to a final vote, and how they affect the distribution of power among committee members in the deliberative process. We further show that deliberation rules are dynamically stable, even when they generate Pareto-inefficient outcomes.     

Short and long run democracy diffusion

Does democracy diffuse across borders? If so, how long does it take? Can diffusion cause path dependence, such that if a region is initially democratic (or autocratic), it becomes increasingly so? In this paper I estimate short and long run regional democratic diffusion and account for feedback to and from other countries within the region. Although it is difficult to establish causality, I estimate that when regional democracy in year (t-1) increases, domestic democracy receives or “catches” 40–42% of the increase in the next 5 years, 55–61% in 10 years, and 68–85% in the long run prior to accounting for feedback. When I account for feedback, the average region converges to a unique long-run democracy level regardless of how democratic it is initially. I also provide region-specific and contiguous neighbor estimates, use the model to explain democratization waves, and estimate the alternative V-DEM dataset. In the V-DEM data, democracy diffuses much faster, although the long-run diffusion effects are comparable.     

Why does democracy need education?

Across countries, education and democracy are highly correlated. We motivate empirically and then model a causal mechanism explaining this correlation. In our model, schooling teaches people to interact with others and raises the benefits of civic participation, including voting and organizing. In the battle between democracy and dictatorship, democracy has a wide potential base of support but offers weak incentives to its defenders. Dictatorship provides stronger incentives to a narrower base. As education raises the benefits of civic engagement, it raises participation in support of a broad-based regime (democracy) relative to that in support of a narrow-based regime (dictatorship). This increases the likelihood of successful democratic revolutions against dictatorships, and reduces that of successful anti-democratic coups.     

Overstrained citizens? The number of ballot propositions and the quality of the decision process in direct democracy

We study how the number of ballot propositions affects the quality of decision making in direct democracy, as reflected in citizens’ knowledge, voting behavior, and attitudes toward democracy. Using three comprehensive data sets from Switzerland with over 3,500 propositions, we exploit variation in the number of federal and cantonal propositions. Voters know the most about the content of federal propositions when they are exclusively presented and less with a high number of concurrent cantonal propositions on the ballot. Across other outcomes we find no consistent indications that – for the observed variation in the exposure to popular votes – a high number of propositions impedes the quality of decision making in Swiss federal direct democracy. In the medium to longer term, more federal propositions on the ballot rather relate to higher perceived political influence and satisfaction with democracy.     

选举提名方式与土地管理体制:村民对村领导行为及其绩效的评价

提名方式是选举的重要组成部分 ,农村民主选举的不同提名方式对村领导的行为及其绩效有不同的影响。对土地的投入是农村普遍的经济活动 ,与土地相关的活动对村民来说是至关重要的 ,村民对村领导决定的土地分配有着强烈的反响。从农村民主选举与土地管理体制的角度来研究选举提名方式是农村民主政治建设研究的一个新视角。