绿色技术创新能否有效改善环境质量？—基于财政分权的视角

“双碳”背景下，如何通过绿色技术创新改善环境质量？政府在生产生活方式绿色转型过程中起到了什么作用？本文以2004-2018年263个地级以上城市数据为样本，采用不同维度指标衡量环境质量，并采用面板数据模型，研究绿色技术创新对环境质量的作用机制，以及财政分权在绿色技术创新与环境质量之间所起的调节作用。结果表明：绿色技术创新水平越高，越有利于改善环境质量，但绿色技术创新对环境质量的改善作用随着财政分权水平的提高而降低；在财政分权的作用下，绿色技术创新改善环境质量的影响机制存在区域异质性、时间差异性以及门槛效应。因此，需要因地制宜把控财政分权水平，加大城市绿色技术创新投入，提高绿色技术的使用率，加快城市绿色低碳发展的目标实现。     

长江经济带城市群制造业高质量发展评析

长江经济带作为我国经济发展模式转型升级的战略性代表区域,其制造业的高质量发展与新常态下经济发展新旧动能切换、经济增速换档进程密切相关。基于制造业高质量发展的内涵,论文从保障支撑、绿色生态、品质品牌、经济效率、开放创新和民生共享6个维度构建长江经济带制造业高质量发展评价指标体系,测度长江经济带108个地级市域制造业的高质量发展水平。结果表明:长江经济带上中下游三个区域的制造业高质量发展水平极不均衡,呈现出从下游地区向上游地区依次递减的发展态势;从单一维度表现看,除了江苏在六大维度上发展相对均衡,其他省份在各维度上的测度结果呈现了明显的发展差异,再次验证了地区制造业高质量发展不均衡的结论。     

环境规制对企业绿色创新的影响机理研究——战略柔性与区域差异性的双调节作用

企业绿色创新既需要环境规制政策引导,又需要有较强战略柔性与之相协调。引入战略柔性、区域差异性的调节作用,并采用分组回归检验环境规制对企业绿色创新的区域差异性影响,探索环境规制对企业绿色创新的双元影响机制。结果显示：环境规制对企业绿色技术创新和企业绿色管理创新均具有显著正向影响,且对前者的积极影响更显著;战略柔性正向调节环境规制与企业绿色技术创新、企业绿色管理创新间的关系,且对后者的调节作用更大;环境规制对企业绿色创新的影响呈现“东、中部各领风骚,西部较弱”的区域差异性特征：环境规制对企业绿色技术创新、企业绿色管理创新的促进作用在中部、东部地区较强,在西部地区较弱。     

绿色消费意愿的反应机制——品牌拟人化和产品类型的匹配效应

“绿水青山就是金山银山”,绿色消费与可持续发展成为经济社会发展的重要议题,消费者如何践行绿色消费、如何对绿色产品形成绿色消费意愿是绿色消费研究的重点领域方向。为此,基于刻板印象内容模型,研究探讨品牌拟人化类型与绿色产品类型的交互效应对绿色消费意愿的影响及其反应机制。研究主要发现：（1）品牌拟人化与产品类型交互影响消费者的绿色消费意愿。对于实用型产品,能力型拟人（vs.温暖型拟人）更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿;对于享乐型产品,温暖型拟人（vs.能力型拟人）更能激发消费者的绿色消费意愿。（2）绿色感知质量、绿色感知价值中介品牌拟人化类型和产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。（3）消费动机（利己动机vs.利他动机）调节品牌拟人化类型与产品类型的交互效应对消费者绿色消费意愿的影响。基于以上结果,研究丰富了品牌拟人化的相关研究,为企业品牌拟人化类型的选择、绿色产品的宣传、消费者绿色消费意愿及行为等提供现实参考价值。     

Local environmental quality and life-satisfaction in Germany

Hitherto the task of valuing differences in environmental quality arising from air pollution and noise nuisance has been carried out mainly by using the hedonic price technique. This paper proposes a different approach to derive information on individual preferences for local environmental quality. It analyses data drawn from the German socio-economic panel in an attempt to explain differences in self-reported levels of well-being in terms of environmental quality. Mindful of existing research a large number of other explanatory variables are included to control for socio-demographic differences, economic circumstances as well as neighbourhood characteristics. Differences in local air quality and noise levels are measured by how much an individual feels affected by air pollution or noise exposure in their residential area. The evidence suggests that even when controlling for a range of other factors higher local air pollution and noise levels significantly diminish subjective well-being. But interestingly differences in perceived air and noise pollution are not capitalised into differences in house prices.     

物流企业服务质量测评及实证研究

从技术质量和功能质量相结合的角度出发建立起物流企业服务质量评价模型.以该理论模型为基础,经过问卷调查和实证研究,消化吸收我国物流企业的一些特有因素,开发设计了物流企业服务质量评价的6个维度23个指标题项问卷,通过项目分析、信度分析等方法对指标体系进行了筛选,删除了其中4个不合适和对结果影响较小的指标,最后确定了6个维度19个测量指标的服务质量测评量表.利用正式调研数据从信度、效度等方面对量表进行了验证.结果表明:量表具备较好的信度和效度,6个维度和总体服务质量显著相关且相关度高,是可靠和有效的物流企业评价工具,为促进我国物流企业服务质量的发展提供了一定的参考.     

企业绿色技术创新环境的多级模糊综合评价

企业绿色技术创新的实施需要良好的环境。在系统分析影响企业绿色技术创新的环境因素基础上,从企业内部环境和外部环境两个维度构建了企业绿色技术创新环境评价指标体系。并运用模糊数学理论,建立了企业绿色技术创新环境的多级模糊综合评价模型。通过实证分析,验证了评价指标体系和评价模型的有效性和实用性。     

The Amenity Value of English Nature: A Hedonic Price Approach

Using a hedonic property price approach, we estimate the amenity value associated with proximity to habitats, designated areas, domestic gardens and other natural amenities in England. There is a long tradition of studies looking at the effect of environmental amenities and disamenities on property prices. But, to our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study of the value of proximity to a large number of natural amenities in England. We analysed 1 million housing transactions over 1996–2008 and considered a large number of environmental characteristics. Results reveal that the effects of many of these environmental variables are highly statistically significant, and are quite large in economic magnitude. Gardens, green space and areas of water within the census ward all attract a considerable positive price premium. There is also a strong positive effect from freshwater and flood plain locations, broadleaved woodland, coniferous woodland and enclosed farmland. Increasing distance to natural amenities such as rivers, National Parks and National Trust sites is unambiguously associated with a fall in house prices. Our preferred regression specifications control for unobserved labour market and other geographical factors using Travel to Work Area fixed effects, and the estimates are fairly insensitive to changes in specification and sample. This provides some reassurance that the hedonic price results provide a useful representation of the values attached to proximity to environmental amenities in England. Overall, we conclude that the housing market in England reveals substantial amenity value attached to a number of habitats, designations, private gardens and local environmental amenities.     

Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation: A CGE Analysis Incorporating Land-Use Change

We examine the impact of a “green network effect” in a market characterized by consumers’ environmental awareness and competition between firms in terms of both environmental quality and product prices. The unique aspect of this model comes from the assumption that an increase in the number of consumers of green (brown) product increases the satisfaction of each green (brown) consumer. We show that, paradoxically, when the network effect of a green product is higher than that of a brown product, this externality reduces product environmental quality and raises consumption of the green product. Conversely, when the network effect of the brown product is higher, the externality improves product environmental quality and raises consumption of the brown product. In both cases, the network effect does not affect the overall pollution level. The externality correction requires the use of three optimal fiscal policies: an ad valorem tax on products, an emission tax, and a subsidy or a tax on the green purchase. A second-best optimum can also be reached through the green taxation.     

Green Attitude and Economic Growth

We analyze the interdependence between green attitude and equilibrium development of environmental quality in an endogenous growth model. Individuals take only part of their impact on pollution into account, hence there is a negative externality of capital accumulation on environmental quality. Increasing wealth or increasing pollution enhance green attitude and reduce the externality, because individuals care more about the environment if their income is higher or if pollution is more obvious. The time path of pollution as well as the evolution of equilibrium growth are shown to depend crucially on the determinants of green attitude. Ongoing growth may lead to complete internalization of the environmental externality if green attitude improves with increasing wealth, e.g. as a consequence of an increase in environmental education. In contrast, if green attitude is determined exclusively by the level of environmental quality, pollution remains at a suboptimally high level. The interdependence of wealth and pollution in the determination of environmental awareness implies more complex dynamics. Capital growth enhances green attitude and thereby decreases pollution. Improved environmental quality in turn may increase capital growth due to less green attitude and therefore slow down convergence to the sustainable balanced growth path.     

企业环境技术创新的战略维度——多案例研究

首先界定了企业环境技术创新的概念、类型和战略维度。然后通过多案例研究,归纳、提炼出企业环境技术创新的4个战略维度,即工艺流程、产品服务、市场与客户以及机制设计。基于环境技术创新的战略维度和创新程度建立了企业环境技术创新的分析框架,并运用该框架对案例企业的环境技术创新的不同战略维度进行了对比分析。结果显示:案例企业的环境技术创新行为涉及一个或多个关键战略维度的变革,关键战略维度均可能对企业环境技术创新产生影响,其中变革最为显著的维度决定企业环境技术创新的类型、体现企业环境技术创新的特征。     

Using stochastic frontier models to mitigate omitted variable bias in hedonic pricing models: A case study for air quality in Bogotá, Colombia

Hedonic pricing models use property value differentials to value changes in environmental quality. If unmeasured quality attributes of residential properties are correlated with an environmental quality measure of interest, conventional methods for estimating implicit prices will be biased. Because many unmeasured quality measures tend to be asymmetrically distributed across properties, it may be possible to mitigate this bias by estimating a heteroskedastic frontier regression model. This approach is demonstrated for a hedonic price function that values air quality in Bogotá, Colombia.     

知识作用视角下城市间环境规制异质性与绿色创新质量研究

城市环境规制刻画了地方政府在绿色创新中的角色特征。基于我国279个地级市面板数据,从知识作用视角,采用负二项分布模型测度我国城市环境规制强度的地区差异性对城市绿色创新质量的影响机制。研究发现：(1)邻近城市的高环境规制强度对本地绿色创新质量产生抑制作用,该抑制作用通过城市间知识宽度缩小、知识距离扩大两类中介效应影响本地绿色创新质量;(2)城市间的知识平衡度在邻近城市环境规制强度与本地绿色创新质量关系中发挥调节效应,当城市间知识平衡度较高时,邻近城市的高环境规制强度对本地绿色创新质量的影响由负转正。由此,获得如下政策启示：地方政府应重视环境规制政策带来的知识成分变化与知识结构调整,促进环境政策与绿色创新政策协同,同时,不同地方间应深化绿色创新主体合作机制,促进知识流动,提升城市绿色创新质量。     

Price Competition and Product Differentiation When Consumers Care for the Environment

Increasing environmental awareness may affect the pleasure of consuming a good for which an environment friendly substitute is available. In this paper, we investigate the market implication of product differentiation when customers are concerned about environmental aspects of the good. We use the spatial duopoly model to determine how environmental concern affects prices, product characteristics and market shares of the competing firms. Our analysis is based on a two-stage game, where at the first stage each firm chooses the characteristic of its product. At the second stage, each firm chooses its price. Equilibrium prices and market shares are affected by consumer awareness of the environment and by the higher costs for producing those goods. As for the Nash equilibria in the characteristics, we find three equilibria depending on the parameter constellation. In order to find out whether the market functions in an optimal way, we determine the choice of environmental characteristics by a welfare maximizing authority. The objective of the paper is to understand the environmental quality choices facing firms and to provide policies that would align private choices with the social optimum.JEL classifications: L11, Q38, H23     

Incentive Regulation and Telecommunications Service Quality

We examine the impact of incentive regulation—price regulation and earnings sharing regulation—on retail service quality in the U.S. telecommunications industry between 1991 and 2002. We find that incentive regulation is associated with significantly higher service quality on several dimensions (e.g., more rapid installation of new telephone service, fewer trouble reports, and increased customer satisfaction) but significantly lower quality on some dimensions (fewer installation commitments met and longer delays in resolving reported service problems)JEL Classification: L51, L96, L15We thank Michael Crew and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions. We are also grateful to Vanessa Cruz and Mircea Marcu for excellent research assistance.     

英国运用科学技术化解“雾都”问题的经验

目前雾霾天气在我国北京等大城市愈发常见，而历史上伦敦也曾因空气质量不佳被称为“雾都”。英国历时几十年出台一系列政策，环境治理取得了较好效果，空气质量明显改善。英国在解决环境治理与经济发展之间的矛盾时，科学技术发挥了巨大作用，其环境治理模式既兼顾生态文明也体现出物质文明。分析英国治理环境的经验，科学技术主要是从4个方面发挥作用：技术创新培育新产业，形成新的经济增长点；政府促使行业开发和推广绿色技术，改造传统产业；基础研究为政府决策科学化提供坚实证据；绿色科技成果助力国家外交和引领未来国际贸易。历史上伦敦烟雾污染最严重时，英国的人均国民生产总值与我国现在大致相当，发展阶段也有相似之处，其经验具有较强的参考价值。     

企业外部知识搜寻多维结构与创新质量关系研究

以63家美国医药上市企业和173家中国医药上市企业发明专利为样本，研究企业多维知识搜寻结构与创新质量的关系。结果表明：①不同搜寻结构对企业创新质量的影响存在差异性，尤其是同时沿着多个维度进行远距离知识搜寻能够显著提高企业创新质量；②各维度远距离搜寻对创新质量的影响不同，在中美医药企业之间也存在一定差异；③对美国医药企业而言，知识搜寻的3个维度对创新质量的影响程度依次为认知维度>时间维度>地理维度，而中国医药企业则是认知维度>地理维度>时间维度。     

What Are the Benefits of the Water Framework Directive? Lessons Learned for Policy Design from Preference Revelation

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) seeks to achieve good ecological status of surface waters across the European Union by 2027. The WFD guidelines explicitly recognize the economics of water management by providing exceptions to water areas with disproportionately high restoration costs. This calls indirectly for estimations of benefits lost due to non-attainment. We employ a hedonic property pricing approach on waterfront recreational properties to estimate the welfare impacts of attaining the good ecological status described by the WFD. The empirical challenge is that the quality measure proposed by the WFD specifically denotes ecological quality, whereas economically measurable water quality values are heavily dependent on recreation impacts. Intuitively, the choice of water quality measure should have an effect on estimating the value of water quality. Our data provide a unique chance to compare three alternative indicators of water quality: (1) a usability-based index, (2) subjectively reported measure and (3) the ecological status determined by the WFD. We find that an improvement in water quality is associated with a statistically significant, non-linear change in recreational property values. We show how the ecological status compares with the other two indicators, and discuss the justifiability of using revealed preference methods when the valued good is defined purely on the basis of ecological criteria.     

基于DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC法的康养旅游资源评价指标体系研究

康养旅游是现代旅游业和人口老龄化共同作用下产生的新型旅游方式,科学合理地认知康养旅游资源的关键指标及其相互关系,对指导开发决策具有重要意义。首先构建由3个维度、18个指标组成的康养旅游资源评价指标体系,然后运用DEMATEL方法对3个维度中的各指标进行影响关系分析,并通过ISM-MICMAC相结合的方法把康养旅游资源评价的全部指标划分为层级关系和驱动—依赖关系。结论表明资源要素价值、旅游开发条件、环境保护质量3个维度对康养旅游资源评价体系的影响主要体现在各维度指标下的相互关系,在康养旅游资源评价时需要对不同的因素进行不同的考虑。     

Optimal Tax Policy under Environmental Quality Competition

This paper studies the socially optimal emission and commodity tax policy when consumers are willing to pay a price-premium for environmentally friendlier variants of a commodity vertically differentiated in environmental quality. The first-best levels of quality can be obtained by a combination of a uniform ad valorem tax and an emission tax (or a subsidy for buying green products). The first-best emission tax is higher than the social valuation of the positive externality associated with average environmental quality. Regardless of environmentally conscious consumers, if only one instrument is available, the second-best emission tax is equal to the social valuation of the positive externality associated with average environmental quality. A uniform ad valorem tax increases welfare only if the social valuation of the positive externality associated with average environmental quality is low enough.