Changing levels of intellectual property rights protection for global firms: A synopsis of recent U.S. and EU trade enforcement strategies

According to the International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition (IACC), approximately $350 billion in counterfeit goods is traded annually in the world economy. Additionally, the European Commission of Taxation and Customs Union reported that 100 million fake items were seized in 2004, a 900% increase over a 4-year period. Recent trade initiatives, such as the U.S. Strategy Targeting Organized Piracy (STOP!) and the EU Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive, target both organized pirates and consumers in effort to bolster the protection of intellectual property rights. Understanding these innovative trade initiatives will assist managers to better deal with anti-counterfeiting tactics.     

从谷歌事件谈起浅析我国网络知识产权的未来走向

本文通过对谷歌退出中国大陆事件关于知识产权方面原因的分析,围绕我国网络知识产权的现状,提出关于现有存在的问题,提出应该改进的方面和未来的走向,以期我国知识产权尤其是网络知识产权更好的发展。     

Preserving intellectual property rights: Managerial insight into the escalating counterfeit market quandary

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection reports that counterfeit goods seizures were up 83% in 2006. While a plethora of anti-counterfeiting strategies target distribution channels, international organizations, pirates, and company-based initiatives, few reports debate the effectiveness of these distinct anti-counterfeiting tactics to curb the problem. For this study we conducted in-depth interviews with United States managers to gauge the efficacy of various anti-counterfeiting tactics to preserve intellectual property rights. The results indicate that corporate managers find the practice of encouraging distributors to notify the manufacturer about counterfeits, as well as educating both employees and channel members about the counterfeit problem, to be some of the most effective ways to fight pirates. However, the managers report many other tactics are futile, including providing financial incentives for distributors to reject counterfeits and stressing the harmful effects of fake goods in advertising. We recommend a specific program that firms can employ to deter counterfeiting, including managing the registration of all trademarks and patents in key markets, establishing a company-based enforcement team, monitoring the growth of fakes through a central information repository, developing a muti-pronged action plan, and preparing to fight pirates through investigative work in conjunction with local law enforcement.     

Self-employment: the role of intellectual property right laws

Little is known about the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on typically imitative self-employment. IPR laws have contrasting dual innovation creation and access effects on self-employment activity. The first effect is positive where strong IPR laws promote innovation and so create new opportunities for self-employment. The second effect is negative where strong IPR laws restrict access to innovation and technology used as inputs to self-employed businesses. Using a 33-country dataset over the period 1995?C2000, we estimate the impact of IPR laws on self-employment, helping to fill the vacuum of empirical evidence that has plagued policy decision making in this area. We find that patent activity has a negative effect on self-employment. However, overall, we find that more extensive and strong IPR laws have a net positive effect on self-employment activity.     

俄罗斯加入世贸组织的历程、减让承诺和中国的机会

本文全面回顾了俄罗斯漫长而曲折的入世进程,揭示出一幅错综复杂的国际经济和政治关系图景。根据目前已经公开的世贸组织文件,本文初步总结了俄罗斯在货物贸易、服务贸易和知识产权等领域做出的开放和减让承诺。尽管这些承诺直接反映了美欧的经济利益,但也同时维护了中国的工业品出口、原材料进口的利益。     

Food Retailing and Supply Chain Linkages in the Russian Federation

Abstract

This paper focuses on the evolution of Russian food retailing and linkages between and among firms in the food supply chain. Intermediation theory is used to develop a conceptual framework. Intermediaries have played an important role throughout the Russian food supply chain fulfilling the function of matching sellers and buyers. Tighter vertical linkages between firms in the Russian food industry are becoming more prevalent, and the roles of intermediaries may be performed by agents acting on behalf of a vertically integrated principal. The food retailing sector in the Russian Federation is evolving to be a source of information from the consumer to upstream firms.     

Banking systems,innovations, intellectual property protections,and financial markets: Evidence from China

One unique feature of the emerging economies in Asia is the rich variation in the development of financial systems and technological sectors across different geographical areas. This unbalanced evolution provides us a potentially more powerful setting to investigate the dynamics among banking systems, innovations, intellectual property (IP) protections, and stock market reactions that are especially useful in understanding the policy–finance–innovation nexus in emerging economies. Using newly available data from China, this study confirms the nurturing role of financial systems on innovations, the value-enhancing function of firms' innovative activities, and the lead–lag predictive role of innovations on stock returns, in the context of emerging economies. More importantly, the study documents that stronger provincial IP protections reduce patent piracy and hence enhance local firms' market values.     

The Asian flu and Russian virus: the international transmission of crises in firm-level data

This paper examines how the Asian and Russian crises affected different types of firms around the world. It constructs a new data set of financial statistics, industry information, geographic data, and stock returns for over 10?000 companies in 46 countries. Results show that firms competing with exports from the crisis countries, or with direct sales exposure to the crisis countries, had significantly lower abnormal stock returns. Firms with higher debt ratios, however, did not experience lower abnormal returns. Country-specific effects, although important determinants of company stock returns, are generally less important than firm-specific characteristics. These results suggest that trade channels are important factors determining how crises are transmitted internationally.     

中俄经贸合作对俄语专业人才培养的影响及建议

俄罗斯是中国最大的邻国,且地大物博,资源丰富。1992年来,中俄两国开创了睦邻友好新局面,两国关系走上了全面发展的健康轨道。经过20多年的合作发展,到2019年,中俄两国关系提升为“新时代中俄全面战略协作伙伴关系”,并提出将两国的贸易额从2018年的1000亿美元提升到2024年2000亿美元的目标,使中俄经贸合作再上一个新台阶。中俄两国贸易处于合作发展的快速时期,合作前景广阔,与此同时对高素质的俄语人才的需求急剧增加。对中俄经贸合作的发展现状进行简单阐述,从而简单分析中俄经贸合作对俄语人才培养的影响,并进一步提出培养适合当前中俄经贸发展的高素质复合型俄语人才的相关途径。     

知识产权保护与自由贸易的冲突与协调

知识产权保护与自由贸易的冲突由来已久,TRIPS协议实施后,更引发了国家之间尤其是发达国家和发展中国家之间在贸易及其他利益方面的多种冲突,因此发达国家和发展中国家应加强在知识产权保护方面的协调,我国也应采取相应对策以减少知识产权冲突,充分发挥知识产权保护机制的积极作用。     

与贸易相关的知识产权保护理论最新进展及启示

在新增长理论的框架下,经济学家已注意到一个健全的知识产权保护制度对于创新和增长的重要性.在开放条件下,由于世界上绝大多数创新都首先发生在北方国家,然后再向南方国家扩散,南北贸易中南方国家的知识产权保护水平对于世界福利水平以及创新率和增长率都有着重要影响.本文评述这一领域的最新文献,并总结出对我国的启示.     

Trade dress: The increasing importance of an ancient yet new form of intellectual property protection

Trade dress is a means of identifying and differentiating the product of a vendor by visual (and very occasionally auditory) cues of a form other than written language. The use of trade dress certainly goes back into pre-Roman times, and was very likely used well before then. Trade dress remains important in societies both highly literate and substantially illiterate, and in some respects has increased in importance in both.     

奥运会埋伏营销与奥林匹克知识产权保护警示分析

1984年洛杉矶奥运会富士公司耗费巨资成为该届奥运会的全球赞助商,柯达公司则首开奥运会埋伏营销先河。奥运会埋伏营销愈演愈烈的主要原因一是在于奥运的全球赞助＂TOP＂计划昂贵的入门费用,二是奥运会赞助计划运作体系的复杂。目前奥运会埋伏营销形态五花八门,包括直接侵害奥运标志、赞助赛事转播的主要媒体、赞助次类项目、赞助杰出的运动员、发动与赛事相关的广告战、进行与赛事相仿的促销活动、与没有竞争关系的赞助商合作、策划与赛事相仿的活动、利用赞助商尚未想到或无法涵盖的空白点等,世界各国奥林匹克知识产权保护意识也在不断强化,我国也出台了多项奥林匹克知识产权保护的相关规章,奥林匹克知识产权保护对埋伏营销的警示主要表现在：一是我国埋伏营销侵权法律规制还存在缺陷,二是应当建立清晰全面的赛事品牌保护计划,三是建立公众和企业的知识产权意识。     

Re-conceptualizing intellectual property regimes in international business research: Foreign-friendliness paradoxes facing MNCs in China

This article seeks to better explain the complex challenges that intellectual property (IP) regimes pose to foreign multinational corporations (MNCs). It draws on in-depth research into the appropriability and entrepreneurial risks as well as transaction costs that China’s IP regime has posed to foreign MNCs to date, and forecasts how these risks and costs may evolve in the future. I find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, IP regimes are not always best conceptualized as either “weak” or “strong”. Instead, I illustrate that complex “foreign-friendliness paradoxes” are possible in IP regimes, show how they evolve, and explain them with a more robust framework than previously available. These findings help re-conceptualize IP regimes in IB research.     

Inter‐temporal Tie‐ins: A Case for Tying Intellectual Property Through Licensing

Hybrid licences tie trade secret rights (which have no fixed expiration) to related patent rights (which expire). Although level royalty hybrid licences, which charge a single royalty for both rights, have been prohibited, it can be shown that infinite‐term licensing (ITL) for patent rights may be better than a limited‐term patent, when returns to the licensor are fixed. This article explains hybrid licensing as a means of privately implementing the efficient ITL outcome when returns to the licensor are constrained but not necessarily fixed, without requiring a change in the length of the patent term.     

Quid pro quo and the enforcement of intellectual property rights protection: A bargaining approach

This article models a North–South negotiation where the North provides a quid pro quo in exchange for the strengthening of the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the South. We show that when Northern and Southern firms compete on quantity in the Southern market, the South's optimal choice is either complete protection or complete violation, irrespective of different levels of IPR protection being available. We show this to depend on the Southern government's valuation of the quid pro quo and the Northern firm's level of technology.     

俄罗斯农业现况及中俄农业合作潜力

近几年来,俄罗斯在农业的发展上取得了喜人的成绩。粮食产量连创新高,粮食出口增至1500万吨。2007年下半年由于粮价的上涨,粮食关税从10%上调到40%。2008年,在世界金融危机愈演愈烈的情况下,俄农业生产发展态势良好。根据俄国现行的农业情况,俄政府制定了下一步的农业发展计划,这使我国更加明确了对俄农业合作的途径和目标。     

知识产权天生论——与知识产权代价论、对价论和利益平衡论商榷

知识产权是在一定社会生产关系下知识生产过程中与生俱来的,是天生的,不是在流通或扩散中产生的,更不是国家凭空法定创制的。完整复位知识财产权是客观规律。知识流通或扩散中的垄断不是由财产权引起的,而正是由财产权得不到应有尊重和保护造成知识投资、生产和供给不足所造成的。与知识产权代价论、对价论和利益平衡论试图以法权强行限制、对价和平衡知识产权根本不同,知识产权天生论以马克思主义思想方法为指导,认为知识产权既不是对社会公众的代价,也不是法权按一定对价条件衡平或按利益平衡原则所创制的产物,而是由知识生产劳动过程创造的对社会发展所必要的财富的一部分。     

我国对外贸易中知识产权纠纷的特点、原因和对策研究

目前我国已进入涉外知识产权纠纷高发期,这成为制约我国国际贸易发展的瓶颈因素。文章较为系统地分析了对外贸易中知识产权纠纷的特点,并深入分析其背后的原因,提出了政府宏观层面和企业微观层面化解涉外知识产权纠纷的对策。     

中美贸易摩擦背景下美国知识产权调查的触发机制及应对策略

美国知识产权调查是由美国企业向美国国际贸易委员会提出,对可能存在的知识产权侵权行为作出裁决的制度。过去十几年间,中国一直是遭受美国知识产权调查最多的国家,严重影响我国企业的出口和产品国际形象。相对而言,中国企业知识产权储备和应对意识严重不足,应诉态度比较消极,缺乏相应的应诉资源,这也让我国出口企业更容易成为美国知识产权调查的对象。应注重提升我国企业的知识产权意识和发挥政府的保障作用,从源头上降低知识产权调查风险。遭遇调查时,注重对应诉资金的筹集与使用、合理选择应诉团队、科学选择抗辩理由,提高胜率。同时积极运用调解、诉讼内并购、反诉等手段,尽可能取得好的结果,减少损失。