基于省级和市级层次的违法占用耕地与经济发展的空间计量分析

研究目的:了解不同层次经济发展在空间中显著影响违法占用耕地的具体因素,为加强土地调控和土地督察提供决策依据。研究方法:空间计量经济学、空间误差模型和空间滞后模型。研究结果:中国省级层次的违法占用耕地主要与固定资产投资在空间上呈显著相关,江西省市级层次的违法占用耕地主要与地方财政收入和GDP在空间上呈显著相关。研究结论:要高度重视经济发展中固定资产投资、GDP增长和地方财政收入等因素对违法占用耕地的影响,减少违法占用耕地,引导土地合法合理持续利用。     

违法占用耕地复耕现状、问题与对策

为了扭转各地日趋严重的违法占用耕地现象,国土部门加大了对违法占用耕地的监控力度,及时发现了大量违法占用耕地现象,并促使部分被违法占用的耕地得到复耕.然而,在查处违法占用耕地复耕中存在着两大问题:一是查处面积大,罚款多,而复耕面积小;二是在复耕中存在着各种乱象和假复耕现象.要控制违法占地,确保我国1.5亿hm2(18亿亩)耕地红线,一是需强化事前预警工作,避免违法占用耕地行为的发生;二是强化对复耕土地的监督管理,避免假复耕现象的发生;三是将查处的违法占用耕地及时退还于农民或农业生产组织,保障土地真正回归于农业.     

中国地方政府土地租税收入变化对城市建设用地扩张的影响

研究目的:考察地方政府土地租税收入与城市建设用地扩张之间的相互影响。研究方法:以中国大陆1990—2013年的地方政府土地收入和建设用地数据进行实证检验,根据协整理论建立向量误差修正模型。研究结果:耕地占用税和国有土地使用权有偿出让收入与城市建设用地扩张具有长期均衡关系,土地租税收入具有促进城市建设用地扩张作用,其中土地出让收入是城市建设用地扩张的主要影响因素,地方政府土地租税收益分成的提高对城市建设用地扩张起到推动作用,建设用地变化仅与耕地占用税收入存在长期的双向因果关系。研究结论:地方政府的土地财政模式具有不可持续性,耕地占用税制度产生反向政策响应,合理调整土地财税体制和盘活存量土地才是地方政府经营城市土地的关键。     

地方政府土地违法的博弈论解释

在构建地方政府与中央政府间博弈模型、地方政府与农民间博弈模型的基础上,解释了当前地方政府土地违法的原因,研究表明:地方政府可以从土地违法行为中获得巨大收益,农民没有能力阻止地方政府的土地违法行为,中央政府主要根据国民经济形势来确定对地方政府土地违法行为的查处力度是当前地方政府土地违法的主要原因.     

国土资源部 紧急通知制止地方政府违法卖地

针对最近一个时期地方土地违法现象有所抬头之势。日前，国土资源部向各地方政府发出《关于严明法纪坚决制止土地违法的紧急通知》，《通知》指出，土地违法面广量大，花样迭出，土地执法形势严峻。最近的统计表明，今年头5个月，全国国土资源部门共立案土地违法案件与去年同期基本持平，但涉及的土地面积同比上升了近20％。相同的案件数，但面积增加了近20％，平均每一宗违法案件涉及的土地面积更多了。违法占地在一些地方越来越肆无忌惮，地方政府主导下的土地违法越来越多。《通知》要求各地严肃查处重大土地违法案件，重点查处违反土地利用总体规划和违反国家产业政策批地、越权批地、非法占用一耕地特别是基本农田等土地违法行为。     

新形势下集体土地"以租代征"的成因及对策——以山东省济宁市为例

"以租代征"擅自将农用地转为建设用地,是近年来凸现的一种违法新形式,也是在鲁西南地区普遍存在的一种违法现象.由于当地经济发展落后,耕地保护意识不强,加上政府现有的一些不合理的业绩考核和不完善的管理制度,使得农地非农化现象严重.由于租地不需要国家有关部门审批,这使得早已成为建设用地的区域,在账面上却依然是耕地,政府无法准确掌握土地信息,给宏观决策带来直接危害.长远来看,农民的利益也得不到保护.以山东省济宁市为例就土地使用过程中的以租代征现象的产生原因和解决对策做了粗略分析.该研究对于当前我国普遍存在的以租代征现象产生的原因和解决措施提出了自己的看法,对在当前形势下各部门进行耕地保护具有借鉴意义.     

政府耕地保护行为的公共选择理论分析

“政府失败”是指公共部门在提供公共物品时趋向于浪费和滥用资源,致使公共产品利用率降低。耕地具有公共产品的属性,在我国,耕地保护中的政府失败是由部分地方政府重经济发展、轻耕地保护、形象政绩工程占用大量耕地、非公共目的征地现象严重等问题造成的。即由于地方政府公共决策失效、政府的内部性和寻租行为等导致了耕地保护中的政府失败。为从根本上保证政府耕地保护不失败,应加强制度建设,不断完善现有制度,弥补制度缺陷,从而约束政府及其官员行为。     

宁夏 增加"票否决"五要素加强耕地保护

<正>据悉,今年宁夏加强耕地保护有新举措,将把违法违规占用耕地的数量作为对市、县目标责任制考核的"票否决"要素。新增加的"票否决"要素包括:违法占用耕地案件被国土资源部挂牌督办的;违法占用耕地(基本农田)、违规征收集体土地引发群体性上访,事件没有得到根本解决的;本区域内违法占用基本农田面积超过30亩;上年度违法占用耕地面积比例达到新增建设用地占用耕地总面积比例     

耕地总量动态平衡政策存在问题及改革建议

分析了耕地总量动态平衡政策运行中存在着区域差异性、政策环境适应性、政府博弈行为以及政策运行的经济可行性等问题,提出①依据区域比较优势原则和变化了的政策环境,实施有区域差异的弹性的耕地总量动态平衡政策;②规范政府行为,减少政策运行中的博弈行为;③重建适应政策实施的农地产权制度;④建立建设项目耕地占用指标有偿转让制度,完善土地收益分配机制,提升耕地占用成本;⑤加强政策实施的经济可行性分析和建立生态环境影响评价制度;⑥改革土地复垦制度,推进农地储备.     

补办手续不可滥

在清查农村居民用地中,对违法用地补办手续了结,这一现象在有的地方普遍存在。有时,村民申请建房用地,因没有用地指标或建房占用耕地,又得不到批准。于是有些人逐渐摸索出一套办法——不管有无指标,是否占用耕地,先建房,土地部门清查时,自然会补办用地手续。这办法还真是行之有效。我们一些地方土地部门的工作人员在巡回检查中,不过问违法用地具体情况,或为提高案件结案率,或为隐瞒违法用地“争创”“三无乡镇”,常常补办手续了事。 农民违法用地,本应受到教育和处罚。一些土地部门滥用补办手续纵容违法,惹得群众议论：《…     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目