ISO26000工作组的运行及两个焦点的讨论——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（六）

工作组五年期间共召开了八次会议,每次为期一个星期。会议期间,对文件的讨论是在工作组的正常工作机制内进行;休会期间,专家们主要通过网络进行交流,综合起草组通过网络等渠道收集对文件的修改意见,并据此对文件做出修改。     

参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组杂忆（八）

一、日本专家深田印象在我的印象中,日本人参加国际会议向来是只听不说,或以听为主,被逼无奈才做个结结巴巴的发言。在国际会议中这是沉默的一群,但我的印象被ISO26000工作组中一个日本老头改变了。从第一次会议（巴西会议）开始,他不仅有会必积极发言,而且会下的串联活动也非常活跃,     

一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO 26000）杂忆（五）

常常有人问我,ISO 26000社会责任工作组的组织结构是什么样的,工作组是怎么工作的等等。其实,这也确实是ISO 26000组非常有意思的一个方面。应该说,相比工作组承担的任务,工作组组织体系显得相当复杂,以至于许多参加工作组的专家也常把工作组组织机构设置及运行当做调侃的话题。     

一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（二）

在国际标准化组织标准制定的历史上,作为各种利益互相斗争和各方力量反复博弈的结果,无论是从时间跨度、参与专家还是参与国家来看,ISO26000都创造了历史,而这也从另一个方面暗示着整个起草过程的漫长和艰辛。作为ISO26000参与讨论和制定的中国专家组代表成员,在本刊2010年第11期所刊载的《一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际化标准组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（一）》一文中,在作者的指引下,我们了解到了标准制定大背景下有关利益相关方分组、标准使用对象的讨论和主席顾问组成员的竞选等一些片段和小花絮,而这一期我们将继续跟随作者的视角去了解在＂关于尊重国际行为规范原则＂和＂关于国际行为规范定义＂讨论过程中出现的一些小故事和细节     

人保部国际劳动保障研究所副所长张峻峰：一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（四）

参加国际标准的起草工作,最重要的工作内容不仅是参加会议讨论,而且是与各方面的沟通。沟通工作做得好,自己的观点和立场就能及时有效地传递出去,相关的信息和动态也能及时获得。在ISO26000起草的5年中,我曾与参加工作组的所有各方专家都接触过,这不仅使我们对相关议题及工作走势有了及时的了解,     

人保部国际劳动保障研究所副所长张峻峰：一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（三）

对附录的讨论一个文件的附录在绝大多数情况下不会引起很多关注,自然也就不会引起太大的争论。但ISO26000的附录,却是在各方的高度关注、争议、博弈和妥协中出台的。     

人保部国际劳动保障研究所副所长张峻峰：一次充满挑战和乐趣的历程——参加国际标准化组织社会责任工作组（ISO26000）杂忆（一）

2005年3月10日,国际标准化组织社会责任工作组中国专家代表团部分成员乘机飞向遥远的巴西,参加社会责任工作组第一次会议。经过几次转机,35个多小时的旅程,我们终于到达了会议举办城市萨尔瓦多。这次漫长而枯燥的旅程,似乎也预示了标准起草工作的漫长和艰难。     

Large Shareholder Activism in Corporate Governance in Developing Countries: Evidence from India

Most of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of large shareholders in corporate governance has been restricted to a handful of developed countries, notably the UK, US, Germany and Japan. This paper provides evidence on the role of large shareholders in monitoring company value with respect to a developing and emerging economy, India, whose corporate governance system is a hybrid of the outsider‐dominated market‐based systems of the UK and the US, and the insider‐dominated bank‐based systems of Germany and Japan. The picture of large‐shareholder monitoring that emerges from our case study of Indian corporates is a mixed one. Like many of the existing studies, while we find blockholdings by directors to increase company value after a certain level of holdings, we find no evidence that institutional investors, typically mutual funds, are active in governance. We find support for the efficiency of the German/Japanese bank‐based model of governance; our results suggest that lending institutions start monitoring the company effectively once they have substantial equity holdings in the company and that this monitoring is reinforced by the extent of debt holdings by these institutions. Our analysis also highlights that foreign equity ownership has a beneficial effect on company value. In general, our analysis supports the view emerging from developed country studies that the identity of large shareholders matters in corporate governance.     

关于发展中国家对发达国家直接投资的一个注解

分析对外直接投资,一是要区分投资动机和投资能力,投资动机是出发点,投资能力是基础;二是要区分投资国与被投资国的类型,类型的不同使得投资动机和能力均有不同.本文首先在区分投资国与被投资国类型的基础上对文献中的投资动机和能力分别加以综述,并提出问题;然后,提出一个发展中国家向发达国家直接投资的简单动机--取得市场"领先者"地位,并对投资能力加以解释;最后,得出相关结论.     

WTO谈判中的发展中大国与发展中国家谈判联盟——兼论中国参与发展中国家谈判联盟的策略

发展中国家谈判联盟在历次GATT/WTO谈判中都发挥着重要作用,已成为决定多边贸易谈判成功与否的重要力量。发展中大国往往成为谈判联盟的领导者,成为联盟公共产品的主要供应者,促使大国如此行动的原因在于大国在追求经济利益的同时,也在一定程度上追求大国威望、领导权等政治利益。印度作为发展中大国在所有参与的谈判联盟中都成为主要的领导者,对印度的研究有助于我们加深对发展中大国与发展中国家谈判联盟关系的理解。从我国的国家利益出发,本文提出了我国参与发展中国家谈判联盟的策略。     

Remanufacturing Marketing Strategies and Developing Countries

Remanufacturing is a means of production which systematically restores existing equipment to like-new condition. It offers an ecologically sound and economical means of production which offers LDCs a host of benefits. Distinct from mere ad hoc repairing, remanufacturing couples the benefits of employing cheap, used machines, with an efficient means of production. Most of the existing literature on remanufacturing is technical and production orientated; such research is reviewed. In addition, an array of marketing and distribution issues are analyzed. Since most failures of remanufacturing stem from marketing problems, this discussion is especially useful to policy makers and development specialists. If thoughtfully employed, remanufacturing offers LDCs greater self-sufficiency using relatively cheap "light" industry manned by unskilled and semi-skilled labor.     

Organizational Ethics in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis

Relationships with one’s employees, co-workers, or superiors create ethical dilemmas. Employees’ judgments and ethical perceptions have been extensively studied in Western cultures, but not in developing countries. The purpose of this investigation is to examine employees’ self-reported work-related ethics and compare them to their perceptions of co-workers’ and top managements’ along various morally challenging situations in three developing countries’ organizations. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman, known as the Gulf countries, were selected as the research setting – and provided the sampling frame – for this study. The results suggest that respondents perceived all ethically challenging situations as unethical and had significant differences among themselves regarding the ethical perceptions of self, as compared to perceptions of peers’, and top managements’. Discussion of the results and implications are provided.     

Developing Countries at Doha: A Political Economy Analysis

This paper offers a political economy analysis of the Doha Ministerial Conference with special reference to developing countries. One of my key objectives is to understand the politics underlying the negotiations with a view to assessing the influence developing countries exerted on the outcome and the success they achieved in relation to the Uruguay Round Agreement, which is widely perceived as favouring mainly if not exclusively the developed countries. The main conclusions of the paper may be summarised as follows. First, with trade liberalisation as its central focus, the Doha negotiating agenda is to be welcomed from the viewpoint of developing countries. Second, the opposition by developing countries to the inclusion of at least some of the Singapore issues at Doha is defensible. Among other things, the countries lack the necessary negotiating and implementation capacity. Third, while the UR Agreement benefited both developing and developed countries, on balance, it benefited the latter more. The Doha outcome offers a better balance when taken by itself but does not go so far as to significantly correct the imbalance in the UR Agreement. Fourth, despite this better balance, the Doha negotiations offer little evidence of a shift in the relative bargaining powers of developing and developed countries. Nor can the superficially development friendly language of the Doha Declaration be viewed as signalling the softening of the tough negotiating stance developed countries took during the UR Round. Fifth, much of the negotiating power continues to reside with developed countries. Relatively equal levels of incomes gives greater coherence to interests of developed countries on issues that divide along North–South lines. Moreover, the presence of three large players – the USA, EU and Japan – allows them to exploit their bargaining power more effectively. Finally, to negotiate more effectively in the future, developing countries must improve their research capacity, think strategically and forge coalitions with other influential WTO members – whether developed or developing.     

Internationalization Opportunities and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from Developing Countries

The purpose of this study was to identify opportunities and challenges for internationalizing the small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries. In this article the author examines the internationalization motives and strategies of the managers of these enterprises. A survey was conducted in Tanzania and the effect of the identified opportunities on the decision to internationalize was modeled using the multinomial logistic regression to determine the relationship between the respondent profile and the decision to be taken in the absence of the internationalization opportunities. The results have revealed the existing opportunities including export rehabilitation incentives, schemes as well as institutional supports granted from the governmental and nongovernmental organizations, development partners, and business associations. However, inadequate international business skills, unawareness of existing export promotion programs, poor access to finance, and imperfect foreign market information are the main challenges. Profit and growth goals and saturation of domestic markets are the key drives to internationalization, with indirect exporting being the main internationalization strategy. The author concludes by drawing attention to managerial and policy implications and future research directions.     

Designing Markets for Developing Countries

This paper highlights what we know from market microstructure and how this should guide the design of equity markets in developing counties. I first consider the basic economic functions of capital markets and of exchanges. I develop more fully the importance of price discovery and liquidity, and how these are affected by the market environment and by characteristics of firms themselves. I then consider the particular implications of this for capital markets in emerging countries. Research has suggested various links between market designs and performance, and I review the implications of these for exchange structure. I conclude with some thoughts on how best to structure markets for newly listing companies.     

Solving Export Marketing Problems of Small and Medium-Sized Firms from Developing Countries

Abstract

This study shows how networks can be used to solve the export marketing problems manufacturing firms in developing countries are facing. Major export barriers perceived by manufacturing firms in Eritrea are identified and, subsequently, differences in perceptions between footwear and textile manufacturers, and small and medium sized firms are examined. The findings suggest that some problems can be solved through individual action by the firms (market or hierarchy). However, small and medium-sized firms on their own can't solve the most important problems, like the lack of market information, the preparation of proper designs and the fulfillment of minimum quantity requirements. The major conclusion is that export market entry by SMEs in developing countries will not be successful if no horizontal and vertical business networks are established.